Routine business message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Routine business message - Essay Example As you know, language services require a lot of commitment in terms quality and creativity. Our passion towards the work we do have gained us a lot of loyal customers in Memphis which makes us the largest player in terms of market share. Our market survey of the southeast region suggests that there is huge demand for language services in 10 other cities. There have been remarkable changes in the cultural diversity of the population and professional capacity of these cities and there is increasing demand for language support in these cities. Our feasibility studies suggest these cities as open market and it is predicted that within the first year of operation we will be able to gain more than ninety percent its market share. WorldConnect Language Services would like its promoters to align with its policy of ethical practice. We would like our investors to be individuals who are looking to be a part of a professional group that passionately looks out for quality. We believe that profits will automatically follow. We extend you the opportunity to be a part of our growth. As we expand to 10 other cities in the southeast, we have designed attractive investment options for selected individuals whom we feel can be a part of the ethics that we follow. We request to have an appointment with you at your convenience any time within the next four weeks so that we can give further details on the investment options. Please let us know a date and venue of your

Job Search process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Search process - Essay Example A curriculum vita offers a detailed portfolio that represents a wide-ranging achievements and competences of an individual. This enables an individual to provide an up to date account of his accomplishment, which explicitly portrays the areas that an individual is suited. This function allows the employer to evaluate and determine the salary of a particular person. A CV provides the pertinent ingredients that enable an individual to secure an interview slot. During the job searching process, the desire to get an interview appointment forms the inherent wishes in every individual. Curriculum vitae act as a tool that facilitates the process of securing a job as it forms part of the agreed rules in job searching process. A Curriculum vita depicts the educational background of an individual that employers gauge in order to determine a qualified workforce (Bunz, 2008). Employers use educational qualifications to classify the work force in various structures within a venture. The last function of a curriculum vita is that helps to augment the marketability of an individual. The portfolio indicates the skills an individual has acquired in history, the educational levels and competencies he or she has attained (Stevens, 1992). The amalgamation of these entire components represented in a concise and elaborate way act as a marketing tool that enables a person to secure a job. The three types of curriculum vitae includechronological, functional and combined curriculum vitae. Chronological curriculum vitae represent a history of experiences acquired in a reverse chronological order. The merits encompass its easier nature of preparation as it constitutes the recent account of experiences. This type provides an easy recount of job history of an employee that helps the employer to acquire the recent knowledge of an individual (Wise, 2013). Chronological curriculum vitae further ensure the marketability of a person as it reflects reputable organization a person

Secondary Traits and Social Systems Essay Example for Free

Secondary Traits and Social Systems Essay Personality can be a part of complex physiology rather than the simple, straightforward approaches taken by many personality theorists.   We are constantly creating and reviving our personalities from our social experiences and our sense of acceptance or rejection by others.   In addition to our perception and pruning of our personalities due to outside forces, we are constantly changing our states of being away from a homeostatic state to physiological states of consonance and dissonance and all points in between. Therefore, a reasonable theory of personality development is possible when taking these social and physiological aspects of our natural quests for self-actualization and harmony of personality.    In agreeing that a more comprehensive theory is possible, I must disagree then, that these simple and straightforward trait approaches adequately explain or elaborate on many facets of my personality. I do not believe that my personality has remained constant, as I have had to change and do so frequently due to approval or criticism.   I believe that in moving to self-actualization, I not only go through psycho-social stages and crises, but idiosyncratic events (such as the death of a family member, a move, or any other significant change) has served to change me, as well. No one can gauge this in a simple theory, but to put it simply, the world changes me and I change the reality of the world around me.   Events that once made me happy may make my cynical and, conversely, what I was once cynical about I am now content with.   So, it is impossible to say that I was once a person with a happy and carefree personality and am now cynical or vice versa.   This all depends on the situation.   Also, my spirituality helps me to change the way I think and behave, in essence this is an ongoing change of my personality, as well.

Childrens Needs And Violence Against Children

Childrens Needs And Violence Against Children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾I do not believe in a child worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I believe that child should be taught from the very first that the whole world is his world, that adult and child should share one worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pearl S. Buck The aim of the following thesis is to present the image of a child in Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist. On the strength of this novel, the author will attempt to discuss the importance of a childs psychological, physiological and emotional needs, and ways of their fulfilment in the process of a childs development. Children are innocent and defenceless human beings and to ensure their safe and proper growth, they need to be provided with an environment conducive to their healthy development. Adults often overlook the importance of their childs needs, they are simply unaware of their existence, and in consequence, children mature into troubled and unstable individuals. The lack of parental support, which often results in neglect, abuse and childs humiliation, may in fact seriously injure the childs psyche. Most Charles Dickens novels feature an image of a child Pip, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield; in his portrayals Dickens argues that children and adults perceive the world differently. In spite of their limited knowledge and experience children are acute and sensitive observers. In his novels, Dickens shows children, who struggle with the adversities of adult life, children who have no childhood and must survive against the hostile society of the Victorian England caught in the frenzy of the Industrial Revolution. The author relies often on his own experiences, his childhood was disturbed by the tragedies in his own family, which gives his novels a sense of authenticity. Charles Dickens was born on 7th February 1812 in Portsmouth in England as a son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. His fathers irresponsibility and lack of ambitions were the reasons why his family situation was often uncertain. He was always in debt and, as a consequence, in 1824, when Charles was only twelve years old, his father was imprisoned, together with his family. However, through his uncles instigation, young Charles found employment at a newly opened blacking factory and was spared from the prisons sentence. Michael Slater, Dickenss biographer, shows how this experience influenced small Dickens: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Dickens leaves no doubt as to the degree of the psychological and emotional earthquake suffered by his twelve-year-old self: It is wonderful to me how I could have been so easily cast away at such an ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support, from any one [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I might easily have been, for any care that was taken of me, a little robber or a little vagabond.  [1]   Dickens is an expert at childrens feelings and emotions, and through his works, he urges adults to be sensitive towards their fragile personalities. His novels, and his child characters, witness the abuse of children in the Victorian Period. His works were to give voice to children who desperately needed help and who rarely were able to communicate their needs and even more seldom obtained the help they needed. The first chapter of the following thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part, the author will describe the importance of childrens psychological needs necessary to their proper growth. The emphasis will be placed upon the needs fulfilment methods and the consequences of not fulfilling them: a lack of a childs psychic stability, problems in adolescence, etc. In the second part of Chapter One, the author will discuss violence against children in the Victorian Period and its consequences. On this occasion, the ideas of a Polish psychologist, Aleksandra Sobkowska will be presented in the context of the recent findings of New Psychology. Still in Chapter One, I will introduce Abraham Maslows psychological theory of the hierarchy of human needs. At the end of the same chapter, the author of the thesis will present the figure of Charles Dickens as a victim of the Victorian epochs Industrial Revolution, a victim of social injustice and economic deprivation, a victim of childhood i nterrupted. The Second Chapter will focus on the characterization of and the role of children in the Victorian society in the period of the Industrial Revolution. On that occasion, Oliver Twist, Dickenss portrayal of children in the historical and socio-economic context, will be discussed in detail and placed in the context of the Maslowian theory of the hierarchy of needs. In this chapter, the author will also ponder on Dickens involvement in the struggle against a childs exploitation; it is not clear whether in his books, the author aimed at evoking sympathy for the children and their plight, and thus he wrote mainly for the adult readership; or attempted to elucidate children on the causes of their unjust and despicable conditions. Chapter One Childrens needs and violence against children. The aim of the following chapter is to present the importance of needs in childrens psychological growth. In the course of Chapter One, the author of the thesis will refer to the foundations of Abraham Maslows theory of the hierarchy of needs. The author will also discuss different types of violence against children as the most detrimental element in a childs psychological development. Finally, Charles Dickens life will be placed in the context of the Victorian period. Childrens psychological needs Psychological needs of a human being are of great importance first and foremost for children, however, adults very often forget about it. Satisfying a childs material needs such as clothing, feeding, etc, they are convinced that they adequately fulfil their parental responsibility. In the light of modern psychology such an attitude is viewed critically. Though easily convinced that material goods are all they need, children become increasingly dissatisfied. Disturbing signals in our daily life children committing serious crimes, children becoming addicted to alcohol and drugs, adolescents dropping out of school; are all but proof of the existence of an area in a childs psyche that remains overlooked and neglected. Children differ significantly from one another; therefore, each child has to be treated separately whether it is by its parents or educators. Adults usually realize far too late how important they are for their childrens development, generally when their children start misbehaving and cause problems.  [2]  In order to prevent such a situation, it is necessary to study the mechanism of the needs formation; then consciously new and positive needs a need to discover, to know, to feel good about oneself can be created. As far as the mechanism of creating new needs is concerned, they are formed first through satisfying the needs that already exist. It is very important to offer children the opportunity to develop new and valuable needs, and rewarding responses of the environment have a great influence on childrens psychic growth. One of the main needs that are worth mentioning here is the need of emotional contact between a mother and a child. At the beginning, this contact has a more physical character, but in time, the character of this contact changes. It has a more psychological sense and needs another form of fulfilment.  [3]  Parents are able to create proper conditions to form a childs personality; to achieve this aim, parents must continuously observe and recognize their childs needs and try to understand them. Many factors have an influence on a harmonious course of a childs development, including all psychophysical processes, and affect the childs future stance point of view, and the way she or he is perceived by the society.  [4]   Human needs are divided into: material, biological, organic and psychological ones. Generally, psychological needs are additionally divided into: A need of safety shaped in ontogenesis A cognitive need An activity need A need of independence and personal development An emotional and social interaction need A sense of belonging and acceptance need A possession need b. Violence against children as the negation of proper development A child who is harmed is the one who is suffering due to improper behaviour of other people, mainly parents and guardians, and who experiences injustice and a sense of powerlessness. This process, whether intentional or unintentional, and resulting from adults actions, may have a negative influence on a childs physical or psychological development.  [5]   Dickens stories abound in episodes involving both psychological and physical abuse among children. Children rob one another of dignity and belongings. They accumulate anger and frustration in themselves. They are weak and dominated by adults and find abusing their equals or weaker ones as the only possible way of venting their anger. Violence against children leads unavoidably to violence in children. This too is a result of a childhood interrupted, of a thwarted development. Violence against children is the most perverted form of violence; children are defenceless and innocent human beings at a formative stage, who are susceptible to a physical and to psychological injury. Though violence may reside in children themselves, for example, in unwanted, problematic, chronically ill or disabled children; in the majority of cases, children are victims of violence perpetrated by adults. Violence occurs in many different circumstances, and may have different forms, but generally three groups of reasons for its occurrence may be distinguished: violence in children directed against others (children as well as adults) is a result of the childrens frustration with their own health (disabled and chronically ill children), with their social and indirectly economic status (orphaned children, children of alcoholics, etc.) and, importantly, often is a consequence of war; violence in parents directed at children which often is a result of social pathologies dysfunctional families; violence being a result of a familys social isolation owed to their religion, ethnicity, social or economic status, etc. According to Aleksandra Sobkowska, a Polish psychologist, there is a conventional division of violence against children based on its type: physical, psychological and sexual abuse. Negligence of children is sometimes considered to be the mildest form of violence, however, it is most common, and it is extremely harmful and just like any other form of psychical abuse beatings, torture, etc. extends its effects into the sphere of a childs psyche. Therefore, the distinction between physical and psychological abuse, at least in terms of their lasting effects psychical and psychological scars overlap and blur. In Sobkowskas view, psychical abuse of children has cognitive, emotional and behavioural consequences a childs abuse syndrome may be manifested by: a lack of a sense of security a lack of a sense of belonging to the closest people a lack of or low self-esteem spiritual loneliness a feeling of being harmed a feeling and consciousness of guilt and shame difficulty in forming relationships. In Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, there are many examples of child abuse and violence ranging from the very basic lack of alimentation: Unfortunately for the experimental philosophy of the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, a similar result usually attended the operation of her system; for at the very moment when a child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into another world, and there gathered to the fathers which it had never known in this.  [6]   through terrible living conditions; An unfinished coffin on black tressels, which stood in the middle of the shop, looked so gloomy and death-like that a cold tremble came over him, every time his eyes wandered in the direction of the dismal object: from which he almost expected to see some frightful form slowly rear its head, to drive him mad with terror. The recess beneath the counter in which his flock mattress was thrust, looked like a grave.  [7]   resulting in a sense of fear and spiritual loneliness: He was alone in a strange place; and we all know how chilled and desolate the best of us will sometimes feel in such a situation. The boy had no friends to care for, or to care for him. The regret of no recent separation was fresh in his mind; the absence of no loved and well-remembered face sank heavily into his heart.  [8]   Psychological violence is a conscious destruction or significant limitation on a childs possibility of proper development. Ranging from insults, as can be seen in the following episode from Oliver Twist: Get downstairs, little bag o bones. With this the undertakers wife opened a side door, and pushed Oliver down a steep flight of stairs into a stone cell, damp and dark, forming the ante-room to the coal-cellar, and denominated the kitchen.  [9]   It is hard to draw any conclusive ideas as to what future awaited Oliver, and whether his childhood filled with pain brought to bear on his life as an adult. There is a note to the preface of Charles Dickens Oliver Twist which say: It tells the story of an unfortunate orphan boy from his early years in the harsh environment of the workhouse, to his struggle for survival in the dangerous world outside its gates.  [10]   A parallel between the story of Oliver Twist, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a boy who dares to ask for more  [11]  and the life of Charles Dickens is evident. As a young boy, Dickens was forced to work in one of Britains infamous sweatshops, or as they were often referred to, children factories. His fathers debts put the whole family in prison; only young Charles was spared his freedom, however, in exchange for hard labour in a blacking workshop. In a way similar to most children from poor neighbourhoods of London, Dickens suffered pains of poverty hunger and all things most children his age would take for granted. Hunger haunted little Charles, something that is echoed in the story of Oliver Twist, but what pained him more was his hopelessness against the odds set by the cruel society of the 19th century Britain. Britain was undergoing a period of transformation; the Industrial Revolution was at its peak; many people fled the impoverished countryside and settled in big cities. There, they we re exploited by the capitalist industrialists. Slavery was by then outlawed in Britains overseas colonies, importing cheap labour was out of the question, yet the growing economy needed hands, many hands, inexpensive hands. In such circumstances, children became a commodity cheap and easy to manage. Factories soon filled with little children whose parents, all the while working themselves to near death, still failed to make ends meet. This is an era of Britains great economic expansion; this is an era that witnessed the birth of communism. Britain was getting rich, or at least the rich were getting richer; for the rest the society was falling apart. Many children faced a very bleak future; orphaned (mostly through abandonment); deprived of any possibility for social advancement, just like Oliver Twist, veered onto the dangerous path of crime. Dickens resisted the temptations of becoming a criminal; perhaps, in that sense, he was lucky; his contacts with Londons underworld remained luckily within the confines of his fantasy. I might easily have been, for any care that was taken of me, a little robber or a little vagabond  [12]  Dickens, a literary giant of the Victorian England, was first and foremost, its victim. As a child, he suffered all the deprivations shared by most of his books characters Nicholas Nickleby, Oliver Twist, Pip and David Copperfield; whose lives stories became a great testimony of Britains shameful past a past tainted by abuse against the innocent and the weakest children. c. Maslows hierarchy of needs This part of the thesis is based on the psychological theory authored by Abraham Maslow. Among other things, he wrote about human nature being good or at least neutral. It cannot be assumed that a child is born with a bad nature.  [13]  Because of its pessimistic, negative and restricted conception of human nature, Maslow became very critical of psychology. Unlike other scientists, he conducted his tests on healthy people, people without, for example, brain injuries; and he reached a number of new and innovative conclusions concerning personality. He claimed that psychology is much more occupied with peoples weaknesses rather than strengths; that the main focus of psychological studies is sin, and virtue tends to be omitted.  [14]   Maslows hierarchy of needs is represented by the following diagram: Maslow recognises, and illustrates his notion by means of a pyramid, that human needs can be divided into five levels, four of which represent deficiency needs (referred to also as basic needs) and are associated with human physiology. Only when those needs are satisfied, a human develops a need of self-actualization (referred to also as growth needs). d. Society in the Victorian Age Dickens hero, Oliver Twist, lived in a difficult time characterised by changes and the resulting serious crisis in the politics, economy and religious life. Victorians expected progress, rapid changes that were to improve their daily lives; apart from the elite, life in the nineteenth century was very hard for most of simple citizens, especially for children. Many peasants, driven away from the countryside by the prospects of better lives in the cities, fell victim of industrial exploitation and the capitalist system of economy. Cities grew in population too rapidly, forcing many to live in squalid neighbourhoods filled with filth and crime. Urbanization meant more places of work, but the cost of living in big cities often exceeded an average familys means. Families were large or too large; people lived in overcrowded houses in hand-to-mouth conditions. Industrial production was carried on at great risks and causing suffering of men, women and children. Britains status as the worksho p of the world was achieved at a great human cost  [15]  . People including small children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in, most of the time, unbearable conditions. The majority of people the so-called working class, which ironically included the unemployed, lived in the scruffiest of households. The industrialists treated the less fortunate, especially children, simply, and only, like objects, manpower. Children were exploited more than adults, because they never dared to ask for more. What is more, parents willingly agreed to this exploitation, even of very small children (often younger than six years of age), because they, too, could earn a few pennies. This extra income for starving families was at times a matter of life and death. Children employed in industry, suffered and often fell ill, at times irreversibly. Their childhood was taken away from them, but what is more, the precarious working and employment conditions, often forced them into the streets where they begged or stole to survive. Most children were denied the stability of having a home, being abandoned by their parents. Sometimes they were subjected to violence or solitude, being under-nourished or even starving, covered with rags, sleeping in empty cellars. Deprived of love and support from adults, they were neglected and lonely among others. The working class children had no rights and their hardship earned them no respect. People in Victorian England believed they were doing what was best for their children. But they were gripped by an idea which was widespread at that time that children were empty vessels, containing nothing worthwhile until filled with what adults judged best.  [16]   Dickens in his novels depicted the Victorian societys major problems. The writer portrayed the society in all its variety, touching all their problems but the theme to which he always returned, was the family, childhood, injustice, inequality, crime, corruption, scandals, poverty, as well as the suffering of children. Whatever he wrote was written with passion, because he experienced seeing life, from the point of view of the poor people and abused children. In his time, few people understood children as well as Dickens did, and he was the first writer who described childrens thoughts and feelings capturing the way they spoke, behaved, and suffered. Chapter two Childrens needs and violence against children based on Dickens novel Oliver Twist. The aim of the following chapter is to present the connection between a childs needs and life in the Victorian Age on the basis of Dickens novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is the first novel in which Dickens speaks out against social injustice and an inadequate economic system that condoned the plight of the poorest, yet the largest, segment of British society. His, is not a portrait of a happy and harmonious family, but a debt-ridden, broken family where children, unless employed in Britains worst workshops, are viewed as a burden. The author tries to show terrible conditions in workhouses where poor people were forced to live and work if they could not pay their debts. In his novel Oliver Twist, Dickens also draws a critical picture of charitable foundations and their involvement in childrens orphanages. Additionally, Dickens sheds light on Londons dangerous criminal underworld. The main character of the novel, Oliver, is a neglected, illegitimate child. He does not know his father and his mother died at his birth. He is brought up as an orphan in cruel conditions in an orphanage typical of the Victorian Age. This small and lonely child is drawn into the world of brutality and violence. The fact that he does not have parents increased his loneliness and difficulties in life because he is deprived of their support which is very important, especially at the beginning of everyones life. Having a normal life is important for a child, but for Oliver that proved an unattainable dream. Oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and later he is transferred to a workhouse for adults. There, not only does he lack means to secure himself a decent upbringing, but is constantly short of the essentials such as sufficient amount of food, a room to sleep or clean clothes. When he is nine, he is still a child and he does not understa nd the world around him, especially his own status. Once, he asks an adult what it means to be an orphan: Boy, said the gentleman in the high chair, listen to me. You know you are an orphan, I suppose? Whats that, sir? inquired poor Oliver. The boy is a fool I thought he was, said the gentleman in a white waistcoat.  [17]   Oliver is afraid of adults; he does not understand why strangers decide about his future and his life, and in their presence he often trembles and cries. One of the most important and memorable images in the novel is the moment when Oliver feels extreme hunger and asks for something more to eat: Please, sir. I want some more.  [18]  This famous scene is symbolic in that sense that it expresses Olivers revolt against his situation. He does not understand that such behaviour is unacceptable in the workhouse and he is beaten as a result and then put up for sale, like an object, not a human being. Oliver acts against the rules because the situation in the workhouse is abnormal; his basic needs are not satisfied. The living conditions in the workhouses of the 19th century Britain were very severe and often these harbingers of modern day sweatshops resembled more prisons than houses. The treatment of children was terribly bad, some of them even starved to death. The sufferings of children in the Victorian Age indicate that their basic needs were not satisfied. The fundamental, basic needs which are essential for our survival, such as proper nourishment, a place to sleep, warmth were not met then. According to Maslow, food occupies the lowest level of the pyramid in the hierarchy of needs, and belongs to the very primitive group of needs, which are essential for survival; refusing proper nourishment to hungry people, especially children is the negation of humanity. What is more, Oliver Twist is denied safety and stability; he is an unloved and lonely child thrown into unsympathetic adult world, where he lacks parental love, affection and protection. In Maslowian theory, Oliver is denied access to the second developmental level and his need to feel safe remains unfulfilled. At the beginning, Oliver is not aware of his situation; gradually, however, he comes to realize his standing: I am a very little boy, sir; and it is so- so à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ So what? inquired Mr Bumble in amazement. So lonely, sir! So very lonely! Cried the child [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦].  [19]   This small boy feels he should have some rights as a human being and he seeks love. It is only natural for a boy like Oliver to look for love and a sense of belonging, a feeling that gives people a sense of stability. Again, the fundamental need, the third level of the Maslowian pyramid representing the hierarchy of needs necessary for a childs proper physiological and psychological development remains unfulfilled. Although he leaves the workhouse, his circumstances never improve; he moves in with Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker. Subjected to moral and physical oppression, Oliver continues to feel lonely, cold and abandoned; in his new home he has no place to sleep: Then come with me, said Mrs Sowerberry, taking up a dim dirty lamp, and leading the way upstairs; your beds under the counter. You dont mind sleeping among the coffins, I suppose? But it doesnt much matter whether you do or dont, for you cant sleep anywhere else.  [20]   Another boy, named Noah Claypole, who too is a worker at Sowerberrys workshop, constantly abuses Oliver, but the main character endures his fate without a word of complaint. One day however, acting on an impulse, Oliver fights off Noahs attacks. He fights in defence of his mothers name but despite his innocence, Oliver is severely punished. This situation illustrates the Maslows notion of violence being a result of a thwarted development in an environment where a childs basic needs remain unfulfilled; violence and other forms of anti-social behaviour are a consequence. In other words, a child who is deprived of an opportunity to fulfil his needs uses aggression, turns to aggression; he/she does not act like a normal child. This moment in the novel marks another important transition; Oliver demands to be respected he reacts with violence against the insults used with regard to his mother an action that points to the fourth level of the Maslowian pyramid, the need of esteem. Oliver decides to escape because he refuses to endure his treatment. He chooses London hoping to change his life for better. In spite of being exhausted and hungry; he does not give up and is still full of hope and determined. He meets Dodger, who offers him a helping hand. Unaware, Oliver joins a gang of juvenile pick-pockets, run by a Jewish emigrant named Fagin. Dodger and other young boys, and now Oliver, roam the streets of London stealing, when they can, hanging out, laughing. Fagins gang creates an authentic society and provides these unwanted boys with security and a sense of belonging. Oliver has never known this kind of life; he is drawn to it to gain respect amongst peers, but also to feel accepted, relied on, and needed. At the beginning, Oliver does not realise that he has joined a criminal group. He does not understand the whole situation but tries to be a quick learner and to acquire new skills, i.e. pick pocketing. However, because he has little experience, or simply because he still is a naÃÆ' ¯ve little boy, he gets caught and arrested. Fortunately for Oliver, Mr. Brownlow, one of the gangs victims, recognizes the boys innocence, exonerates the boy during the investigation and takes him into his custody. Oliver leads now a better life, at last, but he is not sure if his benefactor will not one day send him back into the streets of London. He asks Mr. Brownlow: Oh, dont tell me you are going to send me away, sir, pray! [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Dont turn me out of doors to wander in the streets again. Let me stay here and be a servant. Dont send me back to the wretched place I came from. Have a mercy upon a poor boy, sir!  [21]   Mr. Brownlow, however, reassures the boy of his true devotion to his upbringing: My dear child, said the old gentleman, moved by the warmth of Olivers sudden appeal, you need not be afraid of my deserting you, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [22

Gene-the Character Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

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The Lords of Discipline - Life in a Military Academy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the average person, school is a place to learn where one may speak their mind freely, yet stay orderly through a light set of values and order. In The Lords of Discipline, we learn of a different type of school. The Institute is a military academy with rigorous mental and physical standards, and very straight-forward and rigid policies. What is learned at the Institute is to stay loyal to your classmates. The upperclassmen do their best to keep this primary rule imbedded in the minds of the plebe’s. In this story, we learn about an open-minded student at the academy whose own pride and determination allows him to stay in the system and not give up. He disagrees with the ways of the academy, but finds himself able to deal wit...

Mexican American Borderlands and The Caribbean

The negative side effects of tattoos Tattoos are permanent pictures or designs on the skin, pricked and stained with indelible dyes. They contain mainly industrial organic pigments with high microbiological impurities load. Tattoos are body arts. In our society today, tattoos have Increase In popularity among all ages but most prevalent among the adolescent and young adults.Reports have shown that the Increase in the adolescent involvement in tattooing is fuelled by peer pressure and their quests to belong to certain groups or to be accepted. (A. E Almsman Pl). This makes them not to consider the hazards that are associated with it. In this essay, I will be investigating the negative side effects that are associated with tattoos such as how society view people involved, common health risk and Flanagan hardships. According to Anne E.Almsman of Fingers School of Medicine and North Western University, tattooing has been associated with high-risk behaviors such as sexual intercourse, bin ge ringing, smoking, marijuana use, fighting, gang membership, and truancy and school failure. (A. E Almsman P 2). Many health professionals also, associate body arts with criminal activity or psychiatric disturbances. Tattoos are viewed in our society today as unprofessional and offensive. It can reduce an employment opportunities. For example, you cannot be a recruit of the military If you have offensive tattoo on your neck, above. r on any obvious part of your body that suggest gang membership. Furthermore, excessive tattoos may be a form of self-harm. There is usually ins during the procedures and while the tattoo and is healing. Tattoos from most commercial tattoo parlors are associated with infections, including potentially deadly infections like stash, tetanus, hepatitis B or C, and HIVE. Other side effects include; acute Inflammatory reactions caused by physical tissue injury and Injection of pigment dyes, excessive and unsightly scarring, nerve damage, allergic reactions an d sometimes uncontrolled bleeding. MEMBER reports) Furthermore, tattoos can cause misdiagnoses or interference with medical procedures like Mrs. (Robert Prepaid 2). Also because of the risk of infection, one will not be able to donate blood for at least a year after having tattoos for the risk of infections. It cost a lot of money to do tattoos and take care of it during the healing process. From a survey I conducted, an average tattoo studio cost about a $100. 00 per hour. Think about spending more than three hours. In addition, removing tattoos can be expensive and painful, and usually does not leave the area looking completely healed.In conclusion, getting tattoos poses a read health risk that can lead to infections or even attracting HIVE and those involved are mostly associated with negative criminal activities and high-risk behavior. . Anne E. Almsman Epidemiology of tattoos and piercing . Legislation in the United States Robert Prepaid; Publication on Medicine plus Health Day , American Academy of Dermatology, â€Å"Tattoos, Body Piercing, and Other Skin Adornments† www. Monoclinic. Com, Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MEMBER) â€Å"Tattoos: Understand risks and precautions† http://www. Tenement. Com/ teen-issues/piercing-and-tattoos. HTML

Aditya Birla Case notes

The Unknown Global Indian Conglomerate Q) After a decade of reform, had the Barilla group done enough to outpace its rivals , or was there another step It had to take to be â€Å"Barilla #1†? NAS: Once Kumar Mangle Barilla took over the Barilla group in 1995 after the untimely death of his father, he ushered In an era of reforms and mandated the company be among the top three players In the world or at least in the region for any particular Investment. The renewed focus of the group was in making investments in India, acquiring companies outside India fuelling growth.One of his notable acquisition was Novels to make the high-risk aluminum business less vulnerable to price fluctuations on the London Metal Exchange. (Novels was acquired by Handball). Mangle Barilla focused on strengthening and consolidating similar businesses together and investing in growth business sectors from the cash generated from the value businesses. His strategy paid off and from being a conglomerate wi th Just US$I . 5 billion in revenues in 1995 it had grown to a business with revenues of approximately US$40 billion in year 2012.Though the group has come a long way It Is still at number three amongst the Indian Conglomerates(Number 1 being Data with revenues of US$OHIO billion as of 2012 and RILL with revenues of US$74 billion). In certain businesses the group Is number one Like VS. and cement whereas In certain other sectors like retail It needs to work towards establishing itself amongst the top three. The level of competition has increased both at home and abroad and the Barilla group needs to rethink their strategy to be the number one. The Barilla Financial services can play a major role with insurance company and an asset management fund.As a conglomerate it should be able to reap the benefits of distributing its costs across similar businesses and achieve cost leadership to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. The group is looking at investment opportunities in Af rica, South America, East Europe and Central Asia because these geographies present Immense opportunities for the group to do business. The next logical decision of the group would be to Invest in Infrastructure and the group Is actively seeking out opportunities for the same. With the new government In place this might be one of the lucrative business opportunities.The roof is diversified across many sectors but it should be cautious enough not to spread its wings too thin. Recently the group sold off Ditty Barilla Maniacs as the group wanted to exit the business process outsourcing sector because it lacked scale and was not amongst the top three players in the particular region. The capital raised from the deal was invested in other growth sector opportunities in the group. The group has redefined its business strategy and management practices aimed at becoming the foremost firm in India but it still has a long way to go. According to Kumar Mangle Barilla he has all the large piec es in place.

Plagiarism Paper Essay

Plagiarism is a very important issue nowadays. More and more students are becoming lazy in their work and find plagiarism which is basically ‘copy and pasting’ paragraphs or sentences from internet sites or books the easiest way of doing work. The usual way of plagiarism is going on a website; inserting key facts and words that will make it easier to find, then find a source which explains exactly what you are looking for and from there copy a sentence or paragraph and paste it into your ‘essay’ or ‘work’ document. This issue has been said that has been going on for a few years but only now it has been recently acknowledged and seen as a problem for society. As students go on their lives copying work from others their mental processes are undeveloping because they aren’t using their creativity and imagination for such work as they are meant to, by using your own words and knowledge it shows a clear understanding of the research provided. Plagiarism which is basically the use of other people’s words or ideas without giving them credit is only part of the general problem of cheating and cheaters. It is hard to detect cheating as it mostly passes undetected by professors and teachers. In many subjects, plagiarism can be minimized almost completely by appropriate design of the questions asked by the professor or lecturer. By doing this it will make it more difficult for the students to look for the complete answer on the internet therefore could not be plagiaries. Another issue of plagiarism is the honor code the school or college has which most of all of them do and they are given out and read out to the students in the beginning of the year which states in a complete clear manner that plagiarism is wrong and will be penalized. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to penalize and know who and which student is indeed plagiarism which makes it a universal goal for all faculties and departments to ensure this ethical issue and make us, students realize how wrong this is before we get into a lot of trouble. The policy states that ‘Universities, faculties and perhaps departments need to have clear, well-publicized policies on plagiarism. These policies need to do more than say â€Å"do not plagiaries.† They need to explain what plagiarism means in practice with examples of correct and incorrect citations.’ By doing so, students will be completely aware of the incorrect manners of plagiarism. Although there is different cases all around, some might say that the only way a student can survive highschool and university is if he plagiarises or even copies most of the work given to him, what the main issue is that these students whom think this way don’t even paraphrase paragraphs researched, they just do it and hope for the best. This makes work a lot easier for them but of course not at all appreciated as it is not there own work but someone elses. A research shows that ‘cheating is starting younger—in elementary school. And by the time they get to middle school or high school they see cheating as perfectly ok’, this fact is concerning. How can kids that age even know what cheating is? Who shows them? These questions are ones not to be ignored, it is a very thought through issue and it needs to be defeated because if not†¦ cheating will be no longer invalid but valid because of the substantial manners it is coming across making it almost impossible to make it stop. Students who get caught are penalized. Or at least that is what I thought, I did High school at an international school doing the International Baccalaureate, which I know for a fact that if I would have gotten caught plagiarism I would have been expelled from the diploma and not given another chance. We had an internet site where we had to hand in all our work –via online- called turnitin, this method was a great one for students and teachers; it was easy, efficient and most of all comfortable. Also, this way, teachers could know exactly what sentences or paragraphs were plagiarized in our work if it wasn’t cited, but as the research paper states ‘ What it wont catch is students who crib the ideas, not the words’, this being very true is still a manner of making our minds react to explanations and re-writing them in the manner we feel is correct, which I think is correct. Plagiarism is a very harsh factor nowadays because students are doing it more and more and professors and teachers don’t have the ways to stop such acts. It is a debacle that one day could be fixed with more website protections or more ‘turnitin’ sites used my universities and schools but for now the ethical issues and the trust issues lie in the hands of the teacher and the student. Work Cited Published in Tertangala (University of Wollongong Students’ Representative Council), 20 July – 3 August 1992, p. 20. The case of the purloined paper by Brigid Schulte (Washington Post) September 23, 2002

Strategy of Apple Brand

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY OF PARENT COMPANY When a firm decides to go international with their business they must face many competitive decisions. Two of the most important decisions a company will face are the pressures for cost reduction and pressures for local responsiveness. The pressure of cost reduction forces a firm to lower their value of the cost of creation. Firms can outsource to places where costs of their products are much cheaper or they can mass-produce a standardized product in one location. A firm must have the feeling of local representation.Every country has its own way of life. If a company does not adhere to each country’s differences in traditional business practices, distribution channels, and the demands from the host government, there will be no reason going international. Customers in different countries all hold to their own ways of doings things. It is important for a multinational firm to become aware of all traditions and rules in the countr ies of entry. There are four different strategies an international corporation can choose from. They are global standardization, localization, transnational and international.Each strategy leads to the deciding factor that firms will use to determine the amount of pressures for cost reduction and local responsiveness. Global standardization is used to increase profitability by obtaining cost reductions through economies of scale. A firm whom wants to pursue a low-cost strategy on a global scale will normally offer a product that can be mass-produced at a low cost. A localization strategy offers a product that is custom to the host country. The product satisfies the countries preferences and taste. The third strategy is transnational.It is used when the firm is faced with strong pressures for both reduction and localization. This strategy is hardly used when competitors are in the market because it is hard for a firm to please the local tastes and preferences of its customers at a lo w cost. The last strategy is international. This strategy is used when firms are confronted with low pressures for both cost reductions and local responsiveness. This strategy is scarcely used when competition enters the market. With each strategy, business can find which one works best for their organization. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company.Companies will decide to go international depending on the country it chooses to enter and the amount of profit it can earn. In corporate strategy there are two types of diversification, linked and constrained. â€Å"Companies using linked diversification, enter new businesses when it relates in some way to another business they are already in but it does not necessarily have any connection to their other businesses. If they are using constrained diversification, they only enter a new business if it is based on their core resources or competencies.Companies based on linked diversification have little coherence to their overall corporate strategy, while companies using constrained diversification tend to be more focused. Constrained diversification allows companies to maximize the effect of their resources because they are shared (100). † Apple is a personal computer, hardware and software company, inhere ntly leading to use constrained diversification because they utilize their competition and they share resources between businesses. For example iPods, iPads, iPhones, MacBooks and Apple TVs all run on the same operating system.This intends customers to link their music with laptops, TVs, cell phones and other Apple products. This allows for a more appealing product to the customer. Apple is saving money by sharing resources throughout their multinational business. The product of Apple has such a distinct business that competitors have not been able to match their techniques. Each electronic device is unique, allowing for them to be used anywhere in the world and each is different from any of its competitors. Apple’s goal for a mobile business is to be fundamentally innovated and differentiable.It does not concentrate on the size of its industry because it maintains strong profit margins that have high percentages in the industry’s profit share. Apple does not focus on the quantity of its products but the quality and relevance. â€Å". Peter Drucker wrote that â€Å"What makes the future happen is always a business’s embodiment of an idea of a different economy, a different technology, a different society. It need not be a big idea; but it must be one that differs from the norm of today†. This means defining what the devices are (e. . , a pocket-sized device, or a tablet-sized device), and what they do. Apple must do this through constant innovation. † Apple has secured itself as the industry innovator and a position of strength by constantly defining what their products are and what their products do. Since Apple is continuously redefining the industry, they do not need an overwhelming market share. Apple can dominate the market through their intelligence of inventing new electronics and the respect they have for their customers.Apple’s basic business model is to sell hardware; every other product, iTunes, Apps, operat ing systems, is to make their hardware more valuable. The main goal of this strategy is to maximize the value of the firm. Customers are willing to pay high prices to obtain products of high value and high quality. Within an international business setting, firms are competing to receive the highest profit against one another. Apple is competing at a differentiation strategy. They increase the attractiveness of their products, making the products stand out so customers will purchase their products over another.Apple’s strategic positioning choice is to have high valued electronics that all customers want. Apple products are unique compared to the rest of the world. This allows Apple to charge a higher price. Many people are willing to buy Apple products because they are well produced, have a high quality and are known as a luxury item to the customers of Apple. Apple’s main goal is to maximize all values for the firm. This includes increasing shareholder value in a lega l, ethical and a socially responsible manner. Managers can increase the profitability of a firm by pursuing strategies that lower costs or by pursuing strategies that add value to the firm’s products. Managers can also increase the rate at which the firm’s profits grow over time by pursuing strategies to sell more products in existing markets or by pursuing strategies to enter new markets†. Apple is always looking at new ways to increase its value and shareholder profit. Our main strategy to increase profit is to add value, raise prices and to enter new markets.

Origins of Music, Philosophy, art, and Literature Middle Age essays

Origins of Music, Philosophy, art, and Literature Middle Age essays The western tradition of music has its origins in the chant tradition of the early Christian era. The monophonic music of chant dominated the middle ages, and included the composition of sequences and tropes. In the high Middle Ages, organum emerged, thus introducing polyphonic textures into liturgical music. By the thirteenth century, the motet became a seminal polyphonic composition and included liturgical and secular texts as well as a chant cantus firmus. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, secular music was composed polyphonically, and resulted in elaborate contrapuntal devices and notational practices. In the fifteenth century the early Renaissance polyphony showed evidence of a new style influenced on fauxbourdon and based on previously improvised traditions. At this time textures grew from a reliance on lower voices to treble-dominated textures. Renaissance motets and madrigals have their origins in the music of the Netherlands composers. With the late Renaissance, mo re national and secular music emerged, as found with the English madrigal and the French chanson. The late sixteenth-century music included attempts to return to Greek drama. The latter resulted in the formulation of monody for declaiming music, which was at the core of early opera and became a vehicle for composers like Monteverdii to take forward the nascent genre of opera. Italian opera soon dominated the early baroque style of the seventeenth century, which extended to the composition of oratorios on sacred subjects. In France opera soon took root, and a national style evolved starting with Lully. In the seventeenth century instrumental music developed on its own, treble dominated texture of vocal music was supported by the basso continuo tradition of accompaniment. Works for instruments included keyboard suites and sonatas, organ music, including various partitas and fugues, and trio sonatas for various combinations of instruments. Music for orchest...

Structure of BRCA1 Essay Example

Structure of BRCA1 Essay Example Structure of BRCA1 Essay Structure of BRCA1 Essay As discussed antecedently, BRCA1 is located on chromosome 17q21. It is found present in a batch of tissues such as the Thymus and the testicle. The cistron spreads over 100 kilobits of genomic DNA. The cistron is made up of 224 coding DNAs and 22 coding DNAs encode 7.8 kilobit of messenger RNA. A protein composed of 1863 is encoded by the reading frame. Towards the NH end point, there is a sequence called the RING finger that resembles a Zn finger and it contains Cysteine and Histidine residues in the form Cys 3 – His – Cys 4. The Ring finger can be found in proto onco-proteins, viral proteins and regulative and written text factors. ( X. Yang et Al, 1999 ) . The Ring motive is of import for protein – protein interactions. It interacts with the BARD1 protein ( BRCA1 – associated RING – domain protein ) , the BAP1 ubiquitin hyrolase protein ( BRCA1 – associated protein ) . It besides binds RAD51, a protein involved in DNA recombination and fix . The nature of the interaction between RAD51 and BRCA1 is still unknown. It besides binds to transcriptional regulators for illustrations P53, Myc, and E2F proteins. ( X. Yang et Al, 1999 ) . Proteins such as MYC, RB, ZBRK and p53 bind BRCA1 in a part that includes the atomic localisation signals ( NLS ) . ZBRK is a Zn finger protein that represses written text through its interactions with GADD45. The Deoxyribonucleic acid adhering sphere is involved the DNA fix maps of BRCA1 and is mediated partially by proteins that make up the BASC ( BRCA1 – associated surveillance composite ) . Bunchs of Serine and Threonine sequences, known as SQ – bunch Domains ( SCD ) are the preferable sites of ATP phosphorylation. The BRCT spheres, found at the carboxyl end point of BRCA1, are involved in DNA fix tracts and are the adhering sites of proteins such as p300, BACH1, Histone Deacatylases ( HDAC ) 1 and 2, RNA polymerase, carboxyl – terminus – adhering – prote in interacting protein ( CtIP ) , RB and p53. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme binds to the carboxyl terminal sphere every bit good as the amino terminus sphere organizing a BARD1 – BRCA1 composite. BRCA2 binds to the BRCT spheres and every bit good as RAD51 and BRCA1 are co localized into the bomber – atomic focal point ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . BRCA1 map is brought approximately by the proteins it interacts with ( BIPs – BRCA1 interacting proteins ) ( C. Deng et Al, 2001 ) . BRCA2 is found on Chromosome 13q12 – 13. It is composed of 27 coding DNAs spread over 70 kilobits of genomic DNA. It is larger than BRCA1 and is composed of 3416 aminic acids but unlike BRCA2, it merely has 2 functional spheres. The BRC repetitions are involved in DNA fix and interact with RAD51. DSS1 is a little acidic protein that regulates BRCA2 s Deoxyribonucleic acid activity as its a carbon monoxide factor and it binds to the carboxyl terminal sphere of which the NLS is included ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . The cistron encodes a 10 – 12 kilobit transcript that is present in placenta and normal chest epithelial cells. Function DNA Repair Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a similar map when it comes to DNA fix and have a cardinal function in the care of chromosomal stability.BRCA1 associates with RAD51 to organize a bunch in the karyon. As antecedently stated, RAD51 is a protein involved in double stranded DNA fix in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells by advancing joint molecule formation and maroon exchange between homologous duplex Deoxyribonucleic acid. It besides forms the synaptonemal composites during meiotic homologous recombination and both BRCA1 and BRCA2 partcipate in these procedures ( A Borg. 2001 ) . When Deoxyribonucleic acid is damaged, BRCA1 and RAD51 are recruited to the harm site and BRCA1 undergoes phosphorylation at Threonine and Serine residues by Atr ( Atm related kinase ) and Atm. The particulars of this reaction are still unknown. BRCA2 nevertheless interacts straight with RAD51 through 6 of the 8 BRC repetitions by organizing a complex with RAD51 keeping it inactive so in the absence of BRCA2 there is n o RAD51 when DNA is damaged ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . From experimental grounds, it has been found that when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 fix of dual stranded interruptions by originating homologous recombination whereas cells with mutated versions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are allergic to ionising radiation and are prone to frequent mistakes during fix. These cells are allergic to agents that cross link DNA or originate interruptions in Deoxyribonucleic acid and these interruptions are repaired by mechanisms that are prone to error such as non – homologous terminal fall ining These cells are besides prone to mistakes that lead to chromosomal rearrangements which have been shown to be a important characteristic of carcinogenesis. Levels of BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 addition as cells enter the S stage of reproduction demoing that they are involved either after or before DNA reproduction. It has besides been discovered that BRCA1 is implicated in nucleotide deletion fix by two different mechanisms. The first mechanism is transcription twosome fix where the strand being transcribed is preferentially repaired and the 2nd mechanism is planetary genome fix where no strand prejudice is shown ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . UBIQUITYLATION Proteins that are involved in ubiquitylation normally have a RING – finger motive and both BRCA1 and its interacting protein BARD have this motive at the amino end point. It has been shown that the BRCA1 – BARD complex maps in ubiquitylation. Ubiquitylation is the procedure where proteins are marked for debasement by the proteosome by the add-on of ubiquitin proteins. Recent grounds has indicated the ubiquitylation mediated by BRCA1 is in response to emphasize during reproduction, associating its map to its response when Deoxyribonucleic acid is damaged ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . CHROMATIN REMODELLING Chromatin remodelling normally occurs in response to duplicate isolated DNA interruptions and is thought to ease DNA fix. Complexes similar BASC every bit good as the composite that involves the SW1 and SNF proteins that are involved in chromatin remodelling are involved in this procedure and BRCA1 is a portion of both composites. BRCA1 straight interacts with the SW1 – SNF complex indicating that these proteins function jointly at sites of DNA harm and are involved in chromatin remodelling in these countries. This interaction causes the activation of cistrons such as KU70 and GADD25 that are normally implicated in response to DNA harm. The importance of the function of BRCA1 in chromatin is farther demonstrated by the fact that non merely does it work as a histone deacytylase, but it besides interacts with proteins such as BACH1 that are involved in chromatin remodelling. BRCA2 is besides implicated in the engagement in DNA fix as a protein it interacts with, EMPSY, is involv ed in DNA fix ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . CHECKPOINT CONTROL BRCA1 can be as portion of the BRCA1 – associated genome – surveillance composite ( BASC ) that is involved in checkpoint control. The composite is made up of proteins such as NBSI ( Nijimegan breakage syndrome 1 ) , the RAd50 – MRE11 composite, ATM ( ataxia telangiectasia mutated ) , the MLH1 – PMS1 and MSH2 – MSH6 composites, the BLM protein and DNA reproduction factor C. The RAD50 – MRE11 composite has exonuclease activity and ATM maps upstream of BRCA1 in the dual strand interruption fix tract. BTRCT motives are a common characteristic of proteins involved in DNA fix and cell rhythm checkpoints and as seen above, this is a construction found in BRCA1 ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION

buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay

buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay Breastfeeding rate among low income women in Chicago are much low than those in the high income population. Most of these women in the low income areas in Chicago stop breastfeeding after a very short duration that is below six month period (WHO, 2003). Breastfeeding peer counseling encourages and support pregnant mothers and breastfeeding mothers. It is done by currently breastfeeding mothers and those who have done so in the past. These mothers must be well informed about the importance of breast milk to the infant. It includes individual counseling and mother to mother support groups. These groups undergo specific training to acquire knowledge and skills about breastfeeding and may work in informal group, visit other women in their homes, clinic and hospitals. Pear support includes education about breastfeeding, psycho-emotional support, help solving problems pertaining breastfeeding and encouragement Breastfeeding is very crucial and beneficial to infants because it make them grow healthy because b mreast milk contains a lot of nutrients that increase body immunity that protects infants against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It protects an infant against inflammatory, autoimmune and malignant diseases thus impacting a longer term immune function. It also protects mother health because it minimizes chances of getting breast cancer. Therefore, women who dont have health problems should try to breastfeed their children for at least the first six month of life but women with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, active tuberculosis should not breastfeed because they will transmit infectious agents to the infants (Howard, et al., 1999). Human breast milk has various immunological active compounds e.g. antimicrobial enzymes, leukocytes, and immunoglobulin. On top of that it contains tolerance promoting substances such as fatty acids, platelet activating factors interleukin-10. Once a child is born, it does not have a very strong immune system and the breast milk is the one that strengthens the immune system of the baby which makes it very essential to new born babies (Howard, et al., 1999). Background To implement effective breastfeeding peer counseling, one should have clear understanding of the targeted group of which in this case is low income mothers in Chicago IL place. One should know their attitude in terms of how they perceive breastfeeding process and how they do it. Also challenges faced by this women and how to minimize them should be well highlighted. Again, in planning process, one should identify the key stakeholders and facilities available that will help to make this project effective and efficient. Breastfeeding peer counseling do have great impact because it educate other women about the breastfeeding benefits and encourage one another to use appropriate measures such as prolonged breastfeeding and necessary items such as nutritious food to make it effective and beneficial to both mothers and children. It includes people who promote breastfeeding, facilitators, breastfeeding researchers and analysts. Chicago IL community should be analyzed to identify their core values and norms pertaining breastfeeding. It will also help to understand their attitudes, occupation and interaction and relationship. This is to enable implementers to know appropriate strategy to follow to achieve the desired objective. Attitude about breastfeeding has changed due to womens role transformation in recent decades. Ninety one married women recruited during childbirth education classes in the Chicago metropolitan area survey, shows that most of the women developed positive attitude towards breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Due to low income earned, Chicago women fail to access enough nutritious food rich of ions and calcium that help them produce quality and quantity breast milk. Therefore, they stop breastfeeding at an early weaning. On top of that, they are not capable of acquiring hospital based breastfeeding services because is too much expensive for them. Again they are not in the position to manage infectious diseases associated with poor breast feeding ways. These diseases include influenza, asthma and diarrhea. Majority spend a lot of time in work place trying to gather enough for the family leaving their infants unattended. This is because they earn low wages and therefore they have to work overtime in order to raise enough to sustain their families. Alternatively they have to do more than one job per day to boost their surplus. Therefore, No much free time left for breastfeeding infants hence poor growth and development. Peer pressure also interferes with breastfeeding whereby they advocate for early weaning. This has been like a code of conduct where every woman observes it. They believe that, if they prolong breastfeeding they end up getting old faster while young. Again they fear breastfeeding in the public areas because they consider it indecent. Sometimes, they are denied the right to breastfeed in working place by their employers Low income women in Chicago are not well informed about the importance of prolonged breastfeeding and the possible problems that may arise if not well done. This is as a result of low level of education attainment because of low income that cannot cater for education expenses. Also they fail to understand about the health impacts to their children and to themselves such as low immune system and breast cancer respectively. Aims and objectives The main aims and objectives of this study on Breastfeeding peer Counseling Program is to be able to encourage breastfeeding among all the among low income women, Chicago, IL, and the promotion of the awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding by educating, advocating, facilitating and supporting the breastfeeding services. The among low income women, Chicago, IL, could choose to breastfeed their babies until they reach the age of 6 months and then after that, they would then continue giving the baby complimentary foods. The overview of Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program (BPC) The Breastfeeding Peer counselor Program (BPC) is a program which is intended to target a population which is composed of low income women in Chicago hospital (Baby friendly support). This program is all about mothers helping mothers because the peer counselors of the program are mothers who have the experience of breastfeeding experience and knowledge and are out to help other mothers into the importance of breastfeeding their babies up to the age of about 6 months when the baby is old enough to be given complementary foods. These peer counselors are highly skilled since one has to have the minimum requirements to qualify to be a Breastfeeding Peer counselor. The peer counselors of the program are mothers who have completed their high school certificate and have been trained in breastfeeding management where the peer counselor has to attend 30 hours classroom training from the program coordinator on breast anatomy, physiology, social factors, counseling techniques, and breastfeeding management. The peer counselor should have scored a score of about 85% and above on all the written exams that they are presented to during the training and also have a working experience of about 3-6 months of working with a qualified peer counselor. And to ensure that the peer counselor is well informed on the breastfeeding management, she should have at least 1 hour of continuing education and also work for at least 20 hours per week. With the help of the BPC program, all the pregnant women can be able to get ready to breastfeed their babies once they are born. The pregnant women would be given counseling sessions on the importance of breastfeeding their babies and with this knowledge, they can know how breast milk is very essential to a baby. Through the program, the pregnant mothers will be able express all their thoughts and views on breastfeeding where the fearful mothers will be helped in overcoming their fears on breastfeeding so that they can be able to start it off with no fears. The BPC program is very essential to a pregnant woman because it can help in the solving and the prevention of common problems. Some mothers worry too much and it makes their problems to become very complicated. With the help of these peer counselors, they can help the situation by referring the mother to a lactating specialist or Health Care Providers. The breastfeeding peer counselors play a very important role in the BPC program because they offer breastfeeding support and share all the information that they have on breastfeeding. The BPC program has support group meetings where very many breastfeeding mothers can meet and the peer counselors are always available to every breastfeeding mother and the pregnant women. The Breastfeeding Peer Counselor can help a breastfeeding mother to be able to make a good choice concerning the breastfeeding of her baby and they are there to assist the mother with all the support regarding the decision that she has undertaken. The Breastfeeding Peer Counselor can help on how to hold the baby when breastfeeding, can help the working mothers on how to make a breastfeeding plan so that the mother can also continue to work when still breastfeeding the baby, and they provide a 24 hour support when needed since they are there to listen to all the concerns of the worried mothers. Stakeholders Key stakeholders should be identified in Chicago in order to facilitate collaborative environment that will enhance effective and efficient implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling program. These include non-hospital breastfeeding group in Chicago, like for example the La Leche League which is the best known breastfeeding support group in the world. It was initiated by groups of moms in Chicago with an aim of supporting volunteers leader to run local groups for pregnant mother and lactating women .They held several meetings to discuss about different parenting ways e.g. sleeping duration, nutritious food, relationship and mothers discipline pertaining breastfeeding. The Abiyamo Omo Society at UIC Medical Center (Chicago, IL) is focused on supporting all breastfeeding mothers and to enhance natural parenting. They also offer knitting skills to mothers to enable them earn some incme that is later used for purchasing nutritious food. Other non- hospital breastfeeding supporting groups include: Kick sprout at Family Grounds Cafe (Chicago, IL near Lincoln and Addison), New Mother New Baby (Northbrook, IL), Breastfeeding USA Chapter, Lake County-Baby Me, Be By Baby (Chicago, IL Lincoln and Roscoe). Also implementers should link with hospital based breast feeding support group such as: Adventists Hinsdale Hospital, Centegras Family Birth centers which also offer free breastfeeding support, Little company of Mary Hospital that offers new mothers an opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences, Sherman Hospital and St. Alexius Medical Center. These groups will take part in breastfeeding research and come up with possible solutions that can be used to enhance effective breastfeeding peer counseling in Chicago. Again they will help to mobilize Chicago mothers and other supportive group to work together in disseminating information about the importance of breast milk to the infants and how long infants should be breastfed. In order to enhance effective implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling program, community members must be involved. They must participate right from the grassroots level where it pertains planning, strategizing, implementing evaluating, organizing and managing the program to enhance sustainability. As a result, even new generation will benefit from this projects accomplishment such as increased awareness, positive attitude towards breastfeeding and breastfeeding services support. Men from different families should also participate in order to encourage their wives to breastfeed their children for at least 6 months duration. Again they will be informed about the most needed items that will help mother produce nutritive and plenty breast milk for their infants Local health agents should be included to improve enthusiasm among breastfeeding peer counseling and coordination. This is done through disseminating important information pertaining breastfeeding such as breastfeeding referral places, nutritious information, breastfeeding problem and how it can be eradicated. Again they will help in creating awareness to all low income earners in Chicago using the most affordable and accessible communication channels such as telephone method Furthermore, national leaders such as senates, local leaders such as chief, religious leaders such as bishops, experts such as data analysts, professionals such as facilitators and accountants, doctors and business managers should be involved too in implementing this project. They will help to mobilize people and resources leading to high achievement and collaboration. Also, they provide financial support to acquire necessary facilities and resources needed in implementing the project. Government should also be involved to promote good environmental condition for business operation through taxation and enforcement of desirable policies that favor breastfeeding peer counseling process. It gives incentives that empower women economically making them able to access nutritive food and breastfeeding services that improves breast milk quality suitable for infant growth and development Implementers should fully understand enacted breastfeeding laws in order to comply with the legal system requirement. For example Illinois has enacted several breastfeeding laws such as: breastfeeding is not a public indecency, authorizing public information campaign, providing for program in WIC for lactation support and accommodation for employed mothers who are breastfeeding. Key Questions Cook county Hospital 1980s report shows that, women involved in peer group discussion and education session breastfeed longer than those who did not participate in it. It is very clear that peer counseling has been found effective and beneficial to all women including low income earners in Chicago. Peer support has been used successfully by low income earners and is perceived vital for breaking down existing barriers within women social network among women of low income earners and middle income women because it promotes collaboration and participation. Breastfeeding peer counseling has been of great help to women because large number of low income women have responded positively. The outcome shows that 84% of peer counseled women have initiated proper breastfeeding method leading to low infant mortality rate.85% of mothers who started peer counselors received great help and support to alleviate breastfeeding problem. About 66% of low income women in Chicago who received breastfeeding services from the peer counselor plan to breastfeed beyond six months and 33% decided to go beyond twelve months, which is a whole year breastfeeding. This is because peer counseling have persuaded them to do so through educating them about breastfeeding techniques, importance and nutritious knowledge. Surveys shows that, low income women in Chicago received individual peer counseling which made them to breastfeed at one to three months postpartum than those who received only routine breastfeeding support especially middle income earner because it was much accessible and affordable to them. It is the role of the implementer to know the causes of breastfeeding problem and suggest alternative ways of alleviating it. Some women are denied right to breastfeed in work place by the managers because they argue that they are wasting too much working hours (James Lessen, 2009). Therefore, women are forced to stop breastfeeding their infants before the completion of at least six month. Also place of worship has denied mothers right to breastfeed because they consider it holy and it should be used to worship God only. Culture has been another factor that interferes with breastfeeding in Chicago area. Majority have inclined too much to cultural norms and behaviors which limit the breastfeeding period. This is because of static attitudes they uphold instead of adapting the modern ways of doing things and illiteracy level whereby they are not educated about breast milk content and how it is important to the infants because it boost body immunity, intelligence, growth and development. Breastfeeding research is very low among low income earners in Chicago because is beyond their ability. First they lack enough resources in terms of funds, research tools and equipment and skilled personnel. Secondly they lack motivation and support from the government. Therefore much of the important information about breast milk remains hidden leading to poor growth and development of infants. In order to lessen this problem a lot needs to be done which include; Low income women should be encouraged to help one another through fundraising to enable young women access breastfeeding hospital service, prenatal education and breastfeeding teaching. More so it will enable mothers to access nutritious food that contributes to production of nutritive breast milk leading to healthy growth and development of infants. Awareness should be created to inform women breastfeeding benefits and negative impacts that might arise if appropriate breastfeeding precautions are not put into consideration. For instance, breast milk contains tolerance and anti-immune compounds that reduce the rate of asthma to the infants. Failure to do that, infants become susceptible to asthma and allergic diseases. Competent Facilitators are also needed to gather the most pressing needs of the young mothers. He must be able to hold healthy discussion with the groups of women to here every ones opinion and views. Also he should have ability to promote efficient and effective strategy to be followed to come to consensus. As a result women learn a lot from one another pertaining breastfeeding and they develop strong and healthy relationship hence promoting peer counseling. Licensed dietitians and registered nurses should be used to disseminate nutritious information to all people in Chicago IL. This can be achieved through guidance and counseling, campaigns, public assembly, media, posters, interviews and discussion forums. Also they can be used to distribute food supplements that contain nutrients, vitamins, proteins, ions, calcium, magnesium that enhance wholesome production of breast milk. Formulation, implementation and reinforcement of laws pertaining breastfeeding should be enacted. For example Breastfeeding women should have a right to breastfeed everywhere and at any time which includes worship places, public place e.g. market place and work place. Managers should give women more time for breastfeeding because it is important to both mothers and infants. Failure to this, justice should be enhanced through the court of law. Workplace Act that provides break time for nursing mothers should be observed. Also an employer should provide room More women income generating projects should be initiated to empower women and make them financial stable to afford nutritious food (Mitra, et al., 2004). For example, knitting projects that enable low income earner generate more income that would be enough to cater for the family requirement including healthful food. Once more, they would have ability to access breastfeeding services. Also they can be encouraged to initiate women cooperative groups which will help in disseminating information about breastfeeding and giving guidance and counseling to all women in Chicago. Knowledge should be imparted to Chicago mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding. They should know that, breastfeeding protects children against Diarrhea. Survey shows that, children less than twelve months have low incident of acute diarrhea diseases during the time they were being breastfed than children bottle fed. In addition, breastfeeding protect infants from hemophilic influenza (Mitra, et al., 2004). The breastfeeding mothers and the pregnant women should be aware that breastfeeding enhance vaccine response by increasing the high rate of humeral immune. Breastfed children contains high level of antibodies thus shows better serum and secretory responses to perioral and parenteral vaccines than the formula fed Women should be informed that breastfeeding enhance child development and intelligent. Well breastfed children have high IQ level and cognitive development than formula fed infants. They also develop socially in terms of psychomotor and social capability. Human milk transfer immunities to the external mucosal of intestine and also to the respiratory tract of the infants. The acquired immunity compound is particularly important in the early neonatal period before immune matures. Mothers milk protects newborns from Herpes simplex virus 11 contamination Infectious mothers should also be guided not to breastfeed especially when they are infected with HIV (James Lessen, 2009). Study Design Participants must be recruited prenatally at Hospitals and must have the required criteria which specify that women must be at least 18 years old, come from low income women class, is a resident of Chicago area, they are available for telephone follow up, they must be considering breastfeeding their infants and not yet enrolled in the peer counseling program. This is done to enhance detailed information concerning infant breastfeeding so as to know what needed to be done to eradicate negative attitude towards breastfeeding among low income women in Chicago. Participants of approximately about 200 mothers need to be randomized to either control group or the intervention group using computer software programs such as (SPSS, Version 10, SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL). Cases should be entered into data file weekly and SPSS randomly selected approximately 50%. The selected case should be assigned to the intervention group which include; prenatal home visit, perinatal visit, 3 postpartum home visit and telephone contact as needed which were to be conducted at 1, 3, 6 months. After delivery, medical record should be reviewed to ensure that postpartum inclusion criteria are met which include; healthy full term singleton, absence of congenital anomalies and no maternal history of human immunodeficiency virus. Key Processing Measures Participant should be interviewed in the language of their choice i.e. English or Spanish by the field researchers or coordinators. Recruitment, demographic and infant feeding data should be collected too. Also participant should be interviewed regarding infant feeding methods, sources of prenatal and perinatal breastfeeding education and demographic details. In addition to this, medical record should be reviewed to know the number of infant mortality rate and breastfeeding recorded details. Participants can be interviewed monthly via telephone to obtain maximum information of 6 month postpartum on infant feeding practices Implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling is not that smooth because is associated with barriers and challenges that face implementers. Some of these challenges include: Conflict among counselors and coordinators. Some sponsors agencies may demand more wages and salaries to help in peer counseling activities. Other disagree on appropriate method to use, some prefer home to home visit, clinic visit and other prefer telephone Services Financial constraint is another challenge because peer counseling require funds so as to make if effective and efficient. This is because peer support group need to be trained first to enable them give quality and quantity information about breastfeeding. They need to be trained about breastfeeding management, infant growth and development, nutrition, counseling technique and criteria for making hospital referrals e.g. referral to International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCL) in both individual and group settings. Peer counselors are supposed to be trained and be clinically monitored or overseen by professional in lactation management which include physician with specific training in skilled lactation care, nurses, IBCLC and nutritionist Poor coordination and interaction is another challenge because in order to enhance effective and efficient implementation of breastfeeding project, there must be health link and collaboration with other groups. A lot of effort is required to sustain collaboration among; low income women, Hartford Hospitals, Hispanic Health Council and with the university of Connecticuts Family Nutrition Program. It makes it so difficult to deliver Perinatal peer support to low income women in Chicago. The fathers role was also to be considered in terms of their performance, involvement, support, and attitude. The fathers are assumed to be very supportive to the breastfeeding mother by encouraging the mother to breastfeed the baby until the baby is 6 months of age. This can make the mothers get the motivation to breastfeed their babies since they can also get support from home. Impacts and Results Peer counselors have helped low income mothers to understand the tips for how to breastfeed comfortably and discreetly even in public place such as public market. It has made low income women to gain courage of breastfeeding their children even when they are in the groups of people. It has promoted good and close relationship between mother and the infants because breastfeeding mothers have learned important ways of staying close to their babies after work and after school. Again mother have known various ways of producing plenty and nutritious breast milk for their infant thus they cannot stay for long without breastfeeding hence close relationship with their children. They have acquired a lot of ideas on how to obtain breastfeeding information and support from referral places, family and friends. As a result strong bond have been formed that link low income women with hospital based breastfeeding programs, university based nutritious programs and even community based breastfeeding institutions. They have acquired ways to get good start with breastfeeding unlike before. Immediately after birth, nurses do provide written information pertaining proper breastfeeding ways (Howard, et al., 1999). Yet again they receive immediate breastfeeding support from the peer counselor who guide on the procedure to be followed on breastfeeding action. They have known ways of making plenty of breast milk for their babies through taking in nutritious food. These nutritive food increase immunity system to the infant thus prevent chances of getting sick. Again wholesome breast milk facilitates healthy growth and development of infants (Howard, et al., 1999). On the other hand, there is a very great negative impact to women who fail to breastfeed their children as required. They become prone of various cancers diseases such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer. This is because lack of breastfeeding leads to formation of cramps in the breast resulting to inflammation and death of body cells and tissues thus breast cancer. According the World Health Organization (2003), children who were not breastfed have high tendency of contracting non communicable disease such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia and lymphoma. More so they have high rate of crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac diseases. As a result this interferes with child growth and development (James Lessen, 2009). Short period of breastfeeding involve another crucial risk of recurrent respiratory infections and otitis media. Limitations Most of the hospital population does not reflect the general population of the low-income women of Chicago, IL. And the birth weight of the babies was also a factor which was supposed to be considered because some babies who were born underweight had to be placed in the specialized nurseries where breastfeeding was a problem (Mitra, et al., 2004). Funding has been a major problem in the effective implementation of the BPC program since a lot of money is required so as to fund all the activities by the Peers counselors which include the funding for the phone call follow ups, the Peers training programs in many hospitals so as to recruit as many peer counselors as possible. There has been a problem when it comes to the funding. Loss to follow-up appointments by the breastfeeding mothers has also been another problem which has hindered the implementation of the BPC program. This has been so because some of the breastfeeding mothers have not been positive towards the follow-up appointments since they end up not turning up for the counseling sessions that they are scheduled for which makes it very inconveniencing to the peers counselors. Other mothers are arrogant and ignorant which makes the work of the peer counselors to be very difficult because when they are contacted through the telephones, some of them ignore the phone calls, while others end up telling likes about their not making for a counseling session which has been a discouraging factor to many peer counselors. Understaffing is a major problem in most of the government funded hospitals in Chicago where the staffs there were overworked quite a lot therefore ending up neglecting the breastfeeding mothers who had breastfeeding issues (Mitra, et al., 2004). Due to this understaffing of the personnel, the staff lacked the support and the training facilities and most of the staff in the hospital did not have set job responsibilities. The government of Chicago should initiate many campaigns so as to be able to sensitize and create awareness about the importance of breastfeeding to both mother and the infants. For the mothers they should know that this is one way of preventing breast cancer thus they will minimize medical expenses incurred to treat it. In addition infants obtain enough nutrients that help them to grow healthy, strong and with high level of immunity (James Lessen, 2009). Project and programs should be initiated to provide nutritious food for the mothers in order to increase the level of nutrients and ions in the breast milk that helps the infants to grow healthy. These programs include lactation support services that provide nutrition programs to pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. It also include payment for breast pumps, breast shields, supply of registered nurses, licensed dietitians and any person who has completed a lactation management training program. The BPC would work effectively because all the Breastfeeding Peer Counselors are role models and they provide the women with enough confidence because they also share their backgrounds since they were also mothers who have also breastfed their babies up to 6 months. The importance of the BPC program should be made known to all the hospital staff in Chicago, IL. Buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay

Rules and Standards for Patent Drawings

Rules and Standards for Patent Drawings There are two acceptable categories for presenting drawings in utility and design patent applications: Black Ink: Black and white drawings are normally required. India ink, or its equivalent that secures solid black lines, must be used for drawings.Color: On rare occasions, color drawings may be necessary as the only practical medium by which to disclose the subject matter sought to be patented in a utility or design patent application or the subject matter of a statutory invention registration. The color drawings must be of sufficient quality such that all details in the drawings are reproducible in black and white in the printed patent. Color drawings are not permitted in international applications under patent treaty rule PCT 11.13, or in an application, or copy thereof, submitted under the electronic filing system (for utility applications only). The Office will accept color drawings in utility or design patent applications and statutory invention registrations only after granting a petition filed under this paragraph explaining why the color drawings are necessary. Any such petition must include the following: Patent petition fee 1.17 h - $130.00Three sets of color drawings, a black and white photocopy that accurately depicts the subject matter shown in the color drawingAn amendment to the specification to insert the following to be the first paragraph of the brief description of the drawings: The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. Photographs Black and White: Photographs, including photocopies of photographs, are not ordinarily permitted in utility and design patent applications. The Office will accept photographs in utility and design patent applications, however, if photographs are the only practicable medium for illustrating the claimed invention. For example, photographs or photomicrographs of: electrophoresis gels, blots (e.g., immunological, western, Southern, and northern), autoradiographs, cell cultures (stained and unstained), histological tissue cross sections (stained and unstained), animals, plants, in vivo imaging, thin layer chromatography plates, crystalline structures, and, in a design patent application, ornamental effects, are acceptable. If the subject matter of the application admits of illustration by a drawing, the examiner may require a drawing in place of the photograph. The photographs must be of sufficient quality so that all details in the photographs are reproducible in the printed patent. Color Photographs: Color photographs will be accepted in utility and design patent applications if the conditions for accepting color drawings and black and white photographs have been satisfied. Identification of Drawings Identifying indicia, if provided, should include the title of the invention, inventors name, and application number, or docket number (if any) if an application number has not been assigned to the application. If this information is provided, it must be placed on the front of each sheet and centered within the top margin. Graphic Forms In Drawings Chemical or mathematical formulae, tables, and waveforms may be submitted as drawings and are subject to the same requirements as drawings. Each chemical or mathematical formula must be labeled as a separate figure, using brackets when necessary, to show that information is properly integrated. Each group of waveforms must be presented as a single figure, using a common vertical axis with time extending along the horizontal axis. Each individual waveform discussed in the specification must be identified with a separate letter designation adjacent to the vertical axis. Type of Paper Drawings submitted to the Office must be made on paper which is flexible, strong, white, smooth, non-shiny, and durable. All sheets must be reasonably free from cracks, creases, and folds. Only one side of the sheet may be used for the drawing. Each sheet must be reasonably free from erasures and must be free from alterations, overwritings, and interlineations. Photographs must be developed on paper meeting the sheet-size requirements and the margin requirements (see below and next page). Sheet Size All drawing sheets in an application must be the same size. One of the shorter sides of the sheet is regarded as its top. The size of the sheets on which drawings are made must be: 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4), or21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inches) Margin Requirements The sheets must not contain frames around the sight (i.e., the usable surface), but should have scan target points (i.e., cross-hairs) printed on two catercorner margin corners. Each sheet must include: a top margin of at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch)a left side margin of at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch)a right side margin of at least 1.5 cm. (5/8 inch)and a bottom margin of at least 1.0 cm. (3/8 inch)thereby leaving a sight no greater than 17.0 cm. by 26.2 cm. on 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4) drawing sheetsand a sight no greater than 17.6 cm. by 24.4 cm. (6 15/16 by 9 5/8 inches) on 21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inch) drawing sheets Views The drawing must contain as many views as necessary to show the invention. The views may be plan, elevation, section, or perspective views. Detail views of portions of elements, on a larger scale if necessary, may also be used. All views of the drawing must be grouped together and arranged on the sheet(s) without wasting space, preferably in an upright position, clearly separated from one another, and must not be included in the sheets containing the specifications, claims, or abstract. Views must not be connected by projection lines and must not contain center lines. Waveforms of electrical signals may be connected by dashed lines to show the relative timing of the waveforms. Exploded Views: Exploded views, with the separated parts embraced by a bracket, to show the relationship or order of assembly of various parts are permissible. When an exploded view is shown in a figure which is on the same sheet as another figure, the exploded view should be placed in brackets.Partial Views: When necessary, a view of a large machine or device in its entirety may be broken into partial views on a single sheet or extended over several sheets if there is no loss in facility of understanding the view. Partial views drawn on separate sheets must always be capable of being linked edge to edge so that no partial view contains parts of another partial view.A smaller scale view should be included showing the whole formed by the partial views and indicating the positions of the parts shown.When a portion of a view is enlarged for magnification purposes, the view and the enlarged view must each be labeled as separate views.Where views on two or more sheets form, in effect, a s ingle complete view, the views on the several sheets must be so arranged that the complete figure can be assembled without concealing any part of any of the views appearing on the various sheets.A very long view may be divided into several parts placed one above the other on a single sheet. However, the relationship between the different parts must be clear and unambiguous. Sectional Views: The plane upon which a sectional view (example 2) is taken should be indicated on the view from which the section is cut by a broken line. The ends of the broken line should be designated by Arabic or Roman numerals corresponding to the view number of the sectional view and should have arrows to indicate the direction of sight. Hatching must be used to indicate section portions of an object and must be made by regularly spaced oblique parallel lines spaced sufficiently apart to enable the lines to be distinguished without difficulty. Hatching should not impede the clear reading of the reference characters and lead lines. If it is not possible to place reference characters outside the hatched area, the hatching may be broken off wherever reference characters are inserted. Hatching must be at a substantial angle to the surrounding axes or principal lines, preferably 45 °.A cross-section must be set out and drawn to show all of the materials as they are shown in the v iew from which the cross section was taken. The parts in cross section must show proper material(s) by hatching with regularly spaced parallel oblique strokes, the space between strokes being chosen on the basis of the total area to be hatched. The various parts of a cross section of the same item should be hatched in the same manner and should accurately and graphically indicate the nature of the material(s) that is illustrated in cross-section.The hatching of juxtaposed different elements must be angled in a different way. In the case of large areas, hatching may be confined to an edging drawn around the entire inside of the outline of the area to be hatched.Different types of hatching should have different conventional meanings as regards the nature of a material seen in cross-section. Alternate Position: A moved position may be shown by a broken line superimposed upon a suitable view if this can be done without crowding; otherwise, a separate view must be used for this purpose.Modified Forms: Modified forms of construction must be shown in separate views. Arrangement of Views One view must not be placed upon another or within the outline of another. All views on the same sheet should stand in the same direction and, if possible, stand so that they can be read with the sheet held in an upright position. If views wider than the width of the sheet are necessary for the clearest illustration of the invention, the sheet may be turned on its side so that the top of the sheet, with the appropriate top margin to be used as the heading space, is on the right-hand side. Words must appear in a horizontal, left-to-right fashion when the page is either upright or turned so that the top becomes the right side, except for graphs utilizing standard scientific convention to denote the axis of abscissas (of X) and the axis of ordinates (of Y). Front Page View The drawing must contain as many views as necessary to show the invention. One of the views should be suitable for inclusion on the front page of the patent application publication and patent as the illustration of the invention. Views must not be connected by projection lines and must not contain center lines. The applicant may suggest a single view (by figure number) for inclusion on the front page of the patent application publication and patent. Scale The scale to which a drawing is made must be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding when the drawing is reduced in size to two-thirds in reproduction. Indications such as actual size or scale 1/2 on the drawings are not permitted since these lose their meaning with reproduction in a different format. Character of Lines, Numbers, and Letters All drawings must be made by a process which will give them satisfactory reproduction characteristics. Every line, number, and letter must be durable, clean, black (except for color drawings), sufficiently dense and dark, and uniformly thick and well-defined. The weight of all lines and letters must be heavy enough to permit adequate reproduction. This requirement applies to all lines, however, fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. Lines and strokes of different thicknesses may be used in the same drawing where different thicknesses have a different meaning. Shading The use of shading in views is encouraged if it aids in understanding the invention and if it does not reduce legibility. Shading is used to indicate the surface or shape of spherical, cylindrical, and conical elements of an object. Flat parts may also be lightly shaded. Such shading is preferred in the case of parts shown in perspective, but not for cross-sections. See paragraph (h)(3) of this section. Spaced lines for shading are preferred. These lines must be thin, as few in number as practicable, and they must contrast with the rest of the drawings. As a substitute for shading, heavy lines on the shade side of objects can be used except where they superimpose on each other or obscure reference characters. Light should come from the upper left corner at an angle of 45 °. Surface delineations should preferably be shown by proper shading. Solid black shading areas are not permitted, except when used to represent bar graphs or color. Symbols Graphical drawing symbols may be used for conventional elements when appropriate. The elements for which such symbols and labeled representations are used must be adequately identified in the specification. Known devices should be illustrated by symbols which have a universally recognized conventional meaning and are generally accepted in the art. Other symbols which are not universally recognized may be used, subject to approval by the Office, if they are not likely to be confused with existing conventional symbols, and if they are readily identifiable. Legends Suitable descriptive legends may be used subject to approval by the Office or may be required by the examiner where necessary for an understanding of the drawing. They should contain as few words as possible. Numbers, Letters, Reference Characters Reference characters (numerals are preferred), sheet numbers, and view numbers must be plain and legible, and must not be used in association with brackets or inverted commas, or enclosed within outlines, e.g., encircled. They must be oriented in the same direction as the view so as to avoid having to rotate the sheet. Reference characters should be arranged to follow the profile of the object depicted.The  English alphabet  must be used for letters, except where another alphabet is customarily used, such as the  Greek alphabet  to indicate angles, wavelengths, and mathematical formulas.Numbers, letters, and reference characters must measure at least.32 cm. (1/8 inch) in height. They should not be placed in the drawing so as to interfere with its comprehension. Therefore, they should not cross or mingle with the lines. They should not be placed upon hatched or shaded surfaces. When necessary, such as indicating a surface or cross section, a reference character may be underlin ed and a blank space may be left in the hatching or shading where the character occurs so that it appears distinct. The same part of an invention appearing in more than one view of the drawing must always be designated by the same reference character, and the same reference character must never be used to designate different parts.Reference characters not mentioned in the description shall not appear in the drawings. Reference characters mentioned in the description must appear in the drawings. Lead Lines Lead lines are those lines between the reference characters and the details referred to. Such lines may be straight or curved and should be as short as possible. They must originate in the immediate proximity of the reference character and extend to the feature indicated. Lead lines must not cross each other. Lead lines are required for each reference character except for those which indicate the surface or cross section on which they are placed. Such a reference character must be underlined to make it clear that a lead line has not been left out by mistake. Arrows Arrows may be used at the ends of lines, provided that their meaning is clear, as follows: On a lead line, a freestanding arrow to indicate the entire section towards which it points;On a lead line, an arrow touching a line to indicate the surface shown by the line looking along the direction of the arrow; orTo show the direction of movement. Copyright or Mask Work Notice A copyright or mask work notice may appear in the drawing but must be placed within the sight of the drawing immediately below the figure representing the copyright or mask work material and be limited to letters having a print size of 32 cm. to 64 cm. (1/8 to 1/4 inches) high. The content of the notice must be limited to only those elements provided for by law. For example,  ©1983 John Doe (17 U.S.C. 401) and *M* John Doe (17 U.S.C. 909) would be properly limited and, under current statutes, legally sufficient notices of copyright and mask work, respectively. Inclusion of a copyright or mask work notice will be permitted only if the authorization language set forth in rule  Ã‚ § 1.71(e)  is included at the beginning (preferably as the first paragraph) of the specification. Numbering of Sheets of Drawings The sheets of drawings should be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, within the sight as defined by the  margins. These numbers, if present, must be placed in the middle of the top of the sheet, but not in the margin. The numbers can be placed on the right-hand side if the drawing extends too close to the middle of the top edge of the usable surface. The drawing sheet numbering must be clear and larger than the numbers used as  reference characters  to avoid confusion. The number of each sheet should be shown by two Arabic numerals placed on either side of an oblique line, with the first being the sheet number and the second being the total number of sheets of drawings, with no other marking. Numbering of Views The different views must be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, independent of the numbering of the sheets and, if possible, in the order in which they appear on the drawing sheet(s). Partial views intended to form one complete view, on one or several sheets, must be identified by the same number followed by a  capital letter. View numbers must be preceded by the abbreviation FIG. Where only a single view is used in an application to illustrate the claimed invention, it must not be numbered and the abbreviation FIG. must not appear.Numbers and letters identifying the views must be simple and clear and must not be used in association with brackets, circles, or  inverted commas. The view numbers must be larger than the numbers used for reference characters. Security Markings Authorized security markings may be placed on the drawings provided they are outside the sight, preferably centered in the top margin. Corrections Any corrections on drawings submitted to the Office must be durable and permanent. Holes No holes should be made by the applicant in the drawing sheets. Types of Drawings See rules for  § 1.152 for design drawings,  § 1.165 for plant drawings, and  § 1.174 for reissue drawings