The opening balance Essay Example for Free

The opening balance Essay In this cash forecast I will analyse where the Steve’s business can improve on whether they are making a profit or not. Also I need to identify where they have regular inflow and outflows and irregular inflow and outflows. I will also comment on how the fresh business can maintain more regular numbers. January and February In January the sales is  £17,000 it increases by  £2,000 to  £19,000.the total income in January was  £32,000 it decreases by  £13,000 to  £19,000 because the loan was one off income. It an irregular cash inflow which only happened in January. These profit can be use to expand or give the staff bigger salaries for there hard work. A regular cash inflow is good for business you know how much money going in to business. This makes it easily to predict future sales. Fresh business had total of  £174,000 for there sales revenue. In January and February raw material has regular cash outflows going out of the business. For gas, electric and water bills fresh business has to pay the  £700 each month. This regular cash outflow is very good for the business. The business can identify how much money is going out business. This is the same with salaries which  £4,000, lease for premises was  £1,500 and advertising that was. However in January there was no lease payment this mean the total expenditure is 17,000 this increases in February to  £18,200. The monthly net cash flow in January is  £15,000 and in February is  £800. It has decrease by  £14,200. I think the business should decrease the salaries to  £3000 because the monthly cash flow tells you that they are making a loss. The closing balance is  £25,000 and in February is  £25,800. The closing balance has increases by  £800 this because their no loan taken out. March and April The opening balance for the start of March is  £25,800 and for April it was  Ã‚ £25,600. Is has decrease by  £200. This is because loan was cash inflow and the sales revenue has decreases by  £3000. The sale revenue is  £18,000 in March and in April it was  £15,000.this is because there were lower demands for product meaning less people brought them. Loan is irregular payment so no money from loan came into the business both months. In March and April raw material has regular cash outflows going out of the business  £10,000 each month. For gas, electric and water bills fresh business has to pay the  £700 each month. This regular cash outflow is very good for the business. The business can identify how much money is going out business. This is the same with salaries which  £4,000, lease for premises was  £1,500 and advertising was  £200. However in March there was lease payment this mean the total expenditure is  £18,200 this is the same with April  £18,200. The new cooking equipment, delivery van and fuel for van are an irregular cash outflow at nothing in both March and April and the bills are a regular cash outflow at  £700 for both months. The total expenditure for both months is  £18,200 because there are an equal amount of payments. By reducing salaries and increasing advertisement the business will earn more money, Steve will then not make a loss at the closing balance. The monthly net cash flow in both months is negative at - £200 and - £3,200. This will have a bad impact on the business. The closing balance is  £25,000 and  £22,400 for each of the months a decrease of  £3,200. This has had a bad impact the business on Steve’s business as he is making less money and will eventually lead to bankrupt if he carry on like this. May and June The opening balance for May is at  £22,400 and for June at  £14,500. Steve has made a decrease of  £7,900 this is because of the sales revenue as the demand kept on going up and down for the previous months. The sales revenue for May is at  £11,000 because of a high demand Steve’s however this decreases to  £8,000 in June because of a lower demand for Steve’s product even though  Steve has bought the same amount of raw materials. There is no loan and the total income for both months is at  £11,000 and  £8,000 a decrease of  £3,000. The expenditure stays the same however, the delivery van and the fuel for the van both being an irregular cash outflow starts to kick in at  £8,000 only in May and  £200 for both months. The total expenditure for May is at  £18,900 and this is because of the cost for the delivery van. Irregular expenditure is bad for the company because you don’t know when it going to happen or how much going to cost. It had effect the business badly because it had a monthly cash flow. However, Steve has made a dramatic improvement between this month and all the others as the total expenditure totals up to  £10,900 for June it was better than may total expenditure  £18,200 the reason why there is a decrease is the delivery van was an irregular outflow. The monthly net cash flow is at - £7,900 for May and - £2,900 for June this is a decrease of - £5,000 and this is decreasing hopefully meaning it will time we will see more positive monthly cash outflows. The closing balance for May is at  £14,500 and for June at  £11,600 a decrease of  £2,900. This is having a bad impact on the business because of the monthly net cash flow and total expenditure are both negative means Steve’s business is not making profit only loss. It could be costly in the long run. I think Steve should lower his salary to  £3000 since they are not having positive monthly net cash and total expenditure. July and August The opening balance for July starts off with  £11,600 however the opening balance for August is  £6,700 a decrease of  £4,900. This is because of the sales revenue for the previous month. The sales revenue for July is  £6,000 however; this increases to  £8,000 the next month an extra  £2,000 profit. Although they had the same amount of raw materials price they sold more. No loan has been taken out for any of the months. The reason why there increase in Steve sales revenue, is that the demands for Steve product have increase. The total expenditure for July and August is the same at  £10,900. This is having a good impact on the business as this will result in a regular cash flow which will then allow Steve to easily predict future cash flows and make plans to help advance his business. The monthly net cash flow for July is at a negative at - £4,900 however; this is getting better and the money should eventually go to a positive as in August the price lowers to - £2,900 and increase of  £2,000. This must be because of the sales in the months before and the sales revenue in these months. The closing balance is at  £6,700 for July a decrease from the previous months and this gets worse at it progresses to the next month and the closing balance goes to  £3,800. This reason for this decrease is the sales revenue prevised month. September and October The opening balance starts off with  £3,800. This is having a bad impact on the business as Steve will not be able to pay the bills or pay for stock and he will then eventually go bank-corrupt. In October there is a slight improvement as the opening balance is  £3,900. The sales revenue starts to recover as for September it is  £11,000 a huge improvement from the previous months. For October there is a higher increase  £18,000. This is having a good impact on the business. The raw materials increases from  £2,500 to  £12,500 from October to December to all of this change the prices of raw material increase significantly to  £12,500. The reason for why the prices of raw material have gone up is the demands for the product has gone up. Therefore Steve has to buy more raw materials for his customers. Regular cash outflow is good for the business because there always has to be money going out of your business. This makes it easier for the business to prepare them for the money going out of the business. The Monthly net cash flow starts off with a positive for September at  £100 this is a huge improvement from the previous months. The monthly net cash  flow goes to - £2,900 a huge drop in October from previous months. This is because of the raw material costs have increased. September’s closing balance stays at a positive  £3,900 and increase of  £100 from the previous months. On the other hand, for October although it stays at a positive the closing balance drops to  £1,000 and this is because of the raw materials costs. November and December The opening balance starts to drop from the previous month to now at  £1,000 in November. This is because of the raw material costs from the previous months. This drops even more in December to - £18,900. This is having a very bad impact on the business as they are not starting off with a positive amount. This will not allow them to operate. This is the only month that has had a negative opening balance and will affect the business. The sales revenue for November is at  £21,000 which is a strong amount and has had an improvement from the previous months. This sales revenue has a bigger improvement and goes to  £22,000 in December. This is having a good impact on the business. The raw materials cost stays at  £12,500 which will have a bad impact on the business if the total price of expenditure doesn’t go higher than the previous month. New cooking equipment is one of fresh business irregular expenditure. On November  £20,000 went out of business. This is really bad for the business. Irregular expenditure is bad for the company because you don’t know when it going to happen or how much going to cost. Although this decreases to  £20,900 in the next month this will still have a bad impact on the business and may cause them to go bank-corrupt. The monthly net cash flow for November is at - £19,900 and this is having a bad impact on the business. For the last month the monthly net cash flow goes to a positive  £1,100. However, this still won’t help the business. The closing balance for November is at - £18,900 a huge decrease from the  positive previous month and the closing balance for the last month is at - £17,800 a decrease from the previous month but will not help the business. Finally, the total opening balance for this year is at  £131,400. This figure has been affected by the negative amount at the last month. The total monthly net cash flow for the whole year is at - £27,800 this is because of the over expenditure and has affected the business earning them a smaller and even negative closing balance. The total closing balance for the year is at  £103,600 and this has been affected by the negatives. Key words Total expenditure: All of cost added up. The total amount of money that is spent on a product in a given time period Monthly net cash flow: Equals cash receipts minus cash payments. In simple English it tells you if you’re making a profit or loss. Total income: All of your income added up (income is money you get from your goods and service) Cash outflows: The total money going out from a company in a given period of time. Cash outflows include expenses such as salaries, supplies, and maintenance, and lease Cash inflows: The total money going in to a business or company for sales of goods and services. Cash outflows include income such as sales revenue, loan etc.

Building Information Modeling In Site Management Construction Essay

Building Information Modeling In Site Management Construction Essay The construction industry is ever evolving with increasing performance demand. Project handover deadlines are shorter, costs are tighter, regulation more stringent, project briefs are more complex, construction procurement methods more varied, Technology forever developing, parallel to technology quality more difficult to achieve and maintain. How do we, as construction professionals, respond to these increasing demands and retain implementing quality in an environment of such increasing complexity and competing constrain? The purpose is to deconstruct the process of managing construction site to investigate how a BIM approach to design and development as well as documentation might assist us to meet the future demands of implementation and site management practice. I will try to focus on present techniques used and successfully implemented examples, especially with the help of BIM tools to assist the process of site management. This report will show an outline methodology in regard to the site management work flow in practice. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the fast track nature of site implementation that is becoming more commonplace in the construction industry. These approaches, supported by property developed and implemented standard and procedures will assist to maximize the efficiency of our practices workflow as well as clarify some myths under the increasing pressure of contemporary site management. Keywords: BIM, Construction, Site Management, Site implementation, collision. Background Industrial Context Managing site is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect. For the successful management and execution of a construction project, effective planning and technical supports are essential. Involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the work, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. Participants in the whole managing process are constantly challenged to deliver successful projects despite tight budgets, limited manpower, accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting information. The BIM concept en visages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and simulate and analyze potential impacts.  [1]  Sub-contractors from every trade can input critical information into the model before beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some systems off-site. Problem Of course, BIM is an absolutely wonderful tool, and it has great potential to streamline costs, processes and time, to help different disciplines communicate effectively and to ensure little confusion on a construction site. But to get to that promised land of benefits, you have to pass through the wilderness of adoption, which always seems to hinge on organizational change, not technology. This is the inconvenient truth. Without having a clear concept and following some myths, BIM has become another cost, instead of a cost-savings tool for site management. Learning Objectives: What is BIM? What is virtual construction and how it helps to manage site? What is BIM 3D to 6D approaches for construction site management? How BIM collaborate all contractor works in a single platform to the project from collision? Approach Masters(ConREM) Course materials of Product Modeling, literatures, recent real estate journals, Conference Lectures of world renowned practicing BIM experts and site managers of these days were my key features for investigation and analysis of this discussion topic. Course materials were well organized and highly informative to understand BIM and personally I have used 2D / 3D CAD for more than 2 years and have had the opportunity to work in a largest construction site (satellite city) in Bangladesh as a Project Engineer in my professional career. Analysis What is BIM? Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition.  [2]  For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be handed from the design team (architects, surveyors, civil, structural and building services engineers, etc.) to the main contractor and subcontractors and then on to the owner/operator; each professional adds discipline-specific knowledge to the single shared model. This reduces information losses that traditionally occurred when a new team takes ownership of the project, and provides more extensive information to owners of complex structures. BIM can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, supporting processes including cost management, construction management, project management and facility operation. Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. Dynamic information about the building, such as sensor measurements and control signals from the building systems, can also be incorporated within BIM to support analysis of building operation and maintenance.  [3]  BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or clash detection whereby the computer model visually highlights to the team where parts of the building (e.g.: structural frame and building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect. Features of BIM in site management One of the features of BIM in site management is Virtual design and construction. Virtual Design and Construction is the use of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects to support explicit and public business objectives. Virtual models are virtual because they show computer-based descriptions of the project. The Virtual project model emphasizes those aspects of the project that can be designed and managed, i.e., the product (typically a building or plant), the organization that will define, design, construct and operate it, and the process that the site management teams will follow. These models are logically integrated in the sense that they all can access shared data, and if a user highlights or changes an aspect of one, the integrated models can highlight or change the dependent aspects of related models. The models are multi-disciplinary in the sense that they represent the Architect, Engineering, Contractor (AEC) and Owner of the project, as well as relevant sub disciplines. The models are performance models in the sense that they predict some aspects of project performance, track many that are relevant, and can show predicted and measured performance in relationship to stated project performance objectives. 3D Model Model walkthroughs: These provide a great visualization tool enabling designers and contractors to work together to identify and resolve problems with the help of the model before walking on-site. Clash detection: Traditionally design drawings must be coordinated to assure that different building systems do not clash and can actually be constructed in the allowed space. Accordingly, most clashes are identified when the contractor receives the design drawings and everyone is on-site and working. With clashes being detected so late, delay is caused and decisions need to be made very quickly in order to provide a solution. BIM enables potential problems to be identified early in the design phase and resolved before construction begins. Illustrating the advantages of BIM, one project for the General Services Administration in America saw BIM model reviewers find 257 constructability issues and 7,213 conflicts. On the same project, traditional plan reviewers found six constructability issues and one conflict. Project visualization: Simple schedule simulation can show the owner what the building will look like as construction progresses. This provides a very useful and successful marketing tool for all those involved in a project. Contractors can also use project visualization to understand how the building will come together. Virtual mock-up models: Often on large projects the owner will request physical mock-up models so they can visualize, better understand and make decisions about the aesthetics and the functionality of part of the project. BIM modeling enables virtual mock-ups to be made and tested for a fraction of the cost. Prefabrication: The level of construction information in a BIM model means that prefabrication can be utilized with greater assurance that prefabricated components will fit once on-site. As a result, more construction work can be performed offsite, cost efficiently, in controlled factory conditions and then efficiently installed. 4D Time Construction planning and management: BIM models provide a means of verifying site logistics and yard operations by including tools to visually depict the space utilization of the job site throughout a projects construction. The model can include temporary components such as cranes, Lorries and fencing. Traffic access routes for lorries, cranes, lifts, and other large items can also be incorporated into the model as part of the logistics plan. Tools can further be used to enhance the planning and monitoring of health and safety precautions needed on-site as the project progresses. Schedule visualization: By watching the schedule visualization, project members will be able to make sound decisions based upon multiple sources of accurate real-time information. Within the BIM model a chart can be used to show the critical path and visually show the dependency of some sequences on others. As the design is changed, advanced BIM models will be able to automatically identify those changes that will affect the critical path and indicate what there corresponding impact will be on the overall delivery of the project. 5D Cost Quantity Takeoffs: To determine a projects construction cost and requirements, contractors traditionally perform material take-offs manually, a process fraught with the potential for error. With BIM, the model includes information that allows a contractor to accurately and rapidly generate an array of essential estimating information, such as materials quantities and costs, size and area estimates, and productivity projections. As changes are made, estimating information automatically adjusts, allowing greater contractor productivity. Real Time cost estimating: In a BIM model cost data can be added to each object enabling the model to automatically calculate a rough estimate of material costs. This provides a valuable tool for designers, enabling them to conduct value engineering. However, it should be noted that overall project pricing would still require the expertise of a cost estimator. 6D Facilities Management Lifecycle management: Where a model is created by the designer and updated throughout the construction phase, it will have the capacity to become an as built model, which also can be turned over to the owner. The model will be able to contain all of the specifications, operation and maintenance (OM) manuals and warranty information, useful for future maintenance. This eliminates the problems that can currently be experienced if the OM manual has been misplaced or is kept at a remote location. Data Capture: Sensors can feed back and record data relevant to the operation phase of a building, enabling BIM to be used to model and evaluate energy efficiency, monitor a buildings life cycle costs and optimize its cost efficiency. It also enables the owner to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of any proposed upgrades. Project communication and Collaboration Communication is essential to integrated site management processes. Without tools that simplify communication and allow the decision maker to make timely decisions, it is difficult to minimize errors and keep everyone in the loop. A collaborative approach by BIM to project communications is the best way to minimize problems. In an integrated process, it is the only way. Different BIM models ideally, a construction project would utilize a single BIM model used by designers, contractors, subcontractors and fabricators for all purposes. Each party could access the model at will, adding content that all others could immediately utilize. The reality is that for many years there will rarely be a single BIM model. The architect may have its design model, each engineer may have an analysis model for its discipline, and the contractor may have a construction simulation model and the fabricator its shop drawing or fabrication model. Interoperability the sharing of information between these di fferent models is critical to the collaborative use of BIM, by assuring that each model consistently represents the same building. However, current technologies, and levels of BIM adoption, do not yet allow seamless coordination between different BIM models. The use of multiple models undermines the collaborative use of BIM and prevents project parties from reaping the full benefits of BIMs capabilities. Identify Collisions before They Cause Issues in the Field: Heres an example of how BIM can dramatically reduce construction cost overruns. KAI was providing BIM services for a large hospital project already under construction. When the managers integrated the MEP, HVAC and fire protection drawings into BIM model, they detected a potential collision between the electrical cable raceways and the HVAC. Then they met with the owner, the designer and the affected contractors to review the 3-D BIM model and work out the best solution for co-locating the raceways and the HVAC. The three-hour meeting saved thousands of dollars in change orders and weeks of potential construction delays. In addition to collision detection, BIM enables the cost-saving power of reusability. For example, for health-care portfolio, they developed standard hospital room types in our BIM system that they continuously adapt for standard components, such as wall and bathroom designs. That allows them to build quickly and keep costs competitive. BIM also makes more off-site fabrication possible. BIMs benefits for general contractors include higher quality work completed on a faster schedule, better design visualization, ability to clarify and control scope of work, more detailed scheduling and phasing, more accurate estimates and quantity takeoffs, improved spatial coordination and, of course, better collision detection. Results and Business Impacts Key Findings BIM building information modelling is a co-ordinated set of processes, supported by technology, that add value by creating, managing and sharing the properties of an asset throughout its lifecycle. BIM incorporates data physical, commercial, environmental, and operational on every element of a developments design. Better outcomes through collaboration All project partners different design disciplines, the customer, contractor, specialists and suppliers use a single, shared 3D model, cultivating collaborative working relationships. This ensures everyone is focused on achieving best value, from project inception to eventual decommissioning. Enhanced performance BIM makes possible swift and accurate comparison of different design options, enabling development of more efficient, cost-effective and sustainable solutions. Optimised solutions Through deployment of new generative modelling technologies, solutions can be cost-effectively optimised against agreed parameters. Greater predictability Projects can be visualised at an early stage, giving owners and operators a clear idea of design intent and allowing them to modify the design to achieve the outcomes they want. In advance of construction, BIM also enables the project team to build the project in a virtual environment, rehearsing complex procedures, optimising temporary works designs and planning procurement of materials, equipment and manpower. Faster project delivery Time savings, up to 50%, can be achieved by agreeing the design concept early in project development to eliminate late stage design changes; using standard design elements when practicable; resolving complex construction details before the project goes on site; avoiding clashes; taking advantage of intelligence and automation within the model to check design integrity and estimate quantities; producing fabrication and construction drawings from the model; and using data to control construction equipment. Reduced safety risk Crowd behaviour and fire modelling capability enable designs to be optimised for public safety. Asset managers can use the 3D model to enhance operational safety. Contractors can minimise construction risks by reviewing complex details or procedures before going on site. Fits first time Integrating multidisciplinary design inputs using a single 3D model allows interface issues to be identified and resolved in advance of construction, eliminating the cost and time impacts of redesign. The model also enables new and existing assets to be integrated seamlessly. Reduced waste Exact quantity take-offs mean that materials are not over-ordered. Precise programme scheduling enables just-in-time delivery of materials and equipment, reducing potential for damage. Use of BIM for automated fabrication of equipment and components enables more efficient materials handling and waste recovery. Whole life asset management BIM models contain product information that assists with commissioning, operation and maintenance activities for example sequences for start-up and shut-down, interactive 3D diagrams showing how to take apart and reassemble equipment items and specifications allowing replacement parts to be ordered. Continual improvement Members of the project team can feed back information about the performance of processes and items of equipment, driving improvements on subsequent projects Business Impact BIM is the future of construction and long term facility management but there is still much confusion about what exactly it is and how it should be utilized and implemented. BIM is a relatively new technology in an industry typically slow to adopt change. Yet many early adopters are confident that BIM will grow to play an even more crucial role in building documentation. BIM provides the potential for a virtual information model to be handed from Design Team (architects, surveyors, consulting engineers, and others) to Contractor and Subcontractors and then to the Owner, each adding their own additional discipline-specific knowledge and tracking of changes to the single model. The result greatly reduces information losses in transfer. It also prevents errors made at the different stages of development/construction by allowing the use of conflict detection where the model actually informs the team about parts of the building in conflict or clashing. It also offers detailed computer visualization of each part in relation to the total building. Conclusion BIM is much more than an electronic drawing tool. In a nutshell, BIM is the creation of a complete digital representation of all stages of the building process in order to facilitate the exchange of project information in a digital format. Driven by an information-rich database, it enables members of the project team to simulate the structure and all of its systems in three dimensions and to share this information. The drawings, specifications and construction details are integral to the model. As a result, the team members are able to identify design issues and construction conflicts well before the first earth mover arrives at the site. A project can realize its greatest potential and highest value when it is collaboratively designed and built that is, when the entire design team works together starting in the early planning and design phase. When effectively used by all key members of a project team the architecture/engineering firm (A/E), general contractor or construction manage r, and specialty contractors, in particular, the mechanical, electrical, plumbing and fire protection contractors BIM is a platform for true collaboration. In fact, input from the mechanical, electrical, plumbing and fire protection contractors in the design phase is critically important to prevent collisions or conflicts in the field. Practical Tips and Key Lessons: Virtual modeling by BIM 3D to 6D approach Cost saving More organized site management Prediction of site problems Collaboration of site works Well scheduled management of site Acknowledgements I would like to thanks my BIM course tutor Janne Salin (part time lecturer, ConREM) and Pà ¤ivi Jà ¤và ¤jà ¤ (teacher, ConREM) for providing me helpful information in the field of Building Information Modeling.

Grasping for the Shadow of Identity :: essays research papers fc

Grasping for the Shadow of Identity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There once lived a peaceful, ancient culture, isolated from civilization, living in peace and harmony with its surroundings, grounded in deep faith springing from its religious leader, blooming like a rose in the majestic hills. In what seemed like only minutes, this nation I speak of suddenly became a communist, occupied country, with no identity of its own, with an outlawed flag and an exiled leader. This nation is Tibet. After more than 2,000 years of freedom, one day in 1959 changed this country’s identity. In 1959, Tibet was occupied by the Chinese, who claimed that Tibet had always rightfully belonged to them. Tibet’s national flag is now outlawed, and its political and religious leader, the 14th Dalai Lama, is in exile in Dharamsala, India. Tibet is in disarray, and their culture and government now reflect that of the Chinese, though they are and have been making strong efforts to regain their freedom. Tibet has had a very ancient and illustrious history prior to the Chinese takeover. The nation began in 1063 B.C. Five hundred years before Buddha came into this world, a man named Lord Shenrab Miwo founded the Tibetan Bon religion. With this event, an empire named Shangshung ruled all of Tibet. This empire had eighteen kings before its decline. After the Shangsung Empire declined, a new kingdom called Bod came into existence. Bod is the current name of Tibet (Tibetan Studies). The Tibetan calendar places its origin in the year 127 B.C., when the kingdom was united under one ruler (King Nyatri Tsempo). This lineage of kings continues for over 1,000 years, until King Lang Darma was assassinated in 842 A.D. This period of kings had three kings that really did good things for Tibet, and they were called the Three Great Kings (Tibetan Studies 21). The three kings were Gampo, Detson, and Ralpachen. Under Gampo (629-649), Tibet became a serious military power, and Gampo was a great supporter of Buddism, so this religion gained prominence in Tibet. King Detson was in power during the peak of the Tibet power (755-797). During his reign, Tibet seized the Chinese capital, and adopted the Indian form of Buddism, built the first monastery in Tibet, and declared Buddism the state religion in Tibet. During the reign of Ralplachen (815-836), Tibet continued as a military power and won many key victories, and reached a peace treaty with China (Tibet: An Occupied Country).

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? Essay -- Argumentative Educati

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? (â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy† 1). Theodore R. Mitchell, UCLA School of Education says, "I think its great news for all of us who have advocated school uniforms as a way of building community.† A pressing issue, bullying has become a big problem in many school, and to eliminate this problem, school policies should require students to wear uniforms. Many people believe that school uniforms build the community into a safer, more positive environment. School uniforms improve school academics, prevent gang violence, and assist families, who can not afford expensive clothing. Worrying more about others, rather than themselves, students pay more attention to the appearance of their peers instead of their academics. To begin, if school uniforms became apart of the school policy, students’ academics would improve phenomenally. Hanley noted that â€Å"The reason for the policy [was] to further improve ascending test scores and provide a safe, comfortable learning environment† (A1+). Clearly, school administrators wanted to improve test scores, and they figured if students dressed the same, then they would have no other choice but to focus on their school work. If the students can concentrate on their school work, then they will have high self- esteem. Furthermore, Valdez believes that school uniforms, positively, will change student academics: â€Å"†¦ [they] decrease self consciousness and increase self esteem...† (14). Reasonable and realistic, students who feel better about themselves will succeed in school rather than those who have poor self-esteem. Not only do school uniforms encourage students to have a better attitude about themselves, but they also change the environment in which students learn.... ...Print. Hanley, Kipp. â€Å"At Middle School, a uniform solution?† McClatchy-Tribune Business News. 4 Oct 2009: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Mitchell, Theodore R. â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy.† Lbschools.net. LBUSD. 2010. Long Beach Unified School District. Web. 15 Nov 2010. Soloman, Louis K. â€Å"Schools Smarten Up Without Uniforms.† Sun Sentinel 30 Jun 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest. Web. 11 Nov 2010. Stephens, Daniel. â€Å"School Dress Codes are Necessary and Constitutional.† Student Rights May 2001: 12-16. Gale. North Caroline Family Policy. Web. 9 Nov 2010. Synder, Susan. â€Å"Shirts Tucked in, Cell Phones Out: School Rules are Changing.† Philadelphia Inquirer 24 Sept 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Valdez, Al. How Can Gang Violence be Prevented? San Clemente: Law Tech, 2005. Print.

Effective communication Essay

Describe situations where you have effectively demonstrated each of the forms of communication mentioned Effective communication is an important part of my job role. On a daily basis I need to communicate with various different people. Firstly, I have to collect the information from various parts of our organisation, this is normally done over email, however on some occasions this requires further explanation and this would be done over the telephone or face to face. Once the information is prepared, I distribute this via emails, internally to the managers to review. Once this has been reviewed by the management team, I then distribute this externally to the client. What did you do to help communicate effectively? I send out the ‘raw data’ to the client each week, however I then send out a pack that summarises the figures in a clear and precise format. For the period review, the data is put into a PowerPoint presentation. The client gets a copy of the slides that we discuss. We discuss each meeting whether anything should be changed going forward. There have been occasions we have gone into more detail, and others where we have summarised as the client is happy with the figures behind this. How have your communication skills helped you to improve your performance elsewhere? The effective communication in this particular example has increased my confidence in certain areas. I also think that by asking for feedback regularly, I can ensure I am reporting exactly what people want to see in the formats they want too. I have applied this to other areas of my job role.

A Book Review on “Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court”

In the political and social satire A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur†s Court, Mark Twain demonstrates his excessive pride and glory in the political, economic, and technological advances of his time by developing an interesting plot in which an 19th century mechanic travels back to the time of a cruel feudalistic Camelot and attempts to modernize and improve it. Overall, in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur†s Court, Mark Twain compares the basic political, social, and technological principles of the 19th America to the medieval ages of Great Britain. On a political scale, the novel denounces that the medieval period exemplified strict rule by the monarch, unity between church and state, and showed that many of the people had extremely harsh judgment. On a social scale, Mark Twain demonstrated that the Middle Ages carried a strict separation of classes where the nobility and clergy had much control, while the peasantry had almost non. Last, on a technological scale, Mark Twain implies that magic is not real and he goes on further to prove that the technology and tools of his time frame could have greatly improved the Middle Ages. All in all, Mark Twain creates an ideal character from his time that ends up creating a semi-utopian environment in Camelot. When Hank Morgan awakened into the medieval world of King Arthur and Camelot, he saw political injustice. To compensate for this injustice, Morgan used his status as a beneficiary tool and combated against the church and the royal privileged. Overall, he made the people of Camelot aware of the injustice of their time and gave them the hope for an optimistic future. From this, we can see that Mark Twain believed that his time frame possessed the best type of government in which church was separated from state. Furthermore, Mark Twain implies that the people of his time had better judgment. For example, in order to save himself from death, Morgan remembers that an ellipse occurred on that day and informs the people that he will cover the whole world in darkness. As he said those words, the ellipse occurred thus making all the gullible citizens of Camelot to believe that he was extremely powerful. As a result, he was spared. Thus from this example, it is evident that the people of the middle ages were quick to rational supernatural phenomenon even though it was just pure science at work. Conclusively, Mark Twain glorified his time period to an extent that the he used the horrid faults of the Middle Ages as an example in his novel, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur†s Court. The next major point that Mark Twain wanted to concentrate on was based on the social conditions. In the novel, Hank Morgan is a witness of injustice and social inequality that he believes needs to be altered. Once again, it is noticeable from this that Mark Twain shows bias towards all other types of social distinctions, and rather favors the American democratic way. Furthermore, Twain enforces various principles of what he believes to be â€Å"good government† in which the nobility and commoners alike enter into a life of respect, dignity, and purpose towards each other. Moreover, through Morgan, it obvious to see that Twain is against slavery and is pro-education. All of these characteristics are evident because Morgan eventually abolishes slavery and builds various schools including West Point. Lastly, Mark Twain shows great respect for the technological advances of his time through the characterization of Morgan. For example, as a mechanic, Hank Morgan realized that his life would be unbearable with out technology. As a result, he begins inventing various equipment like telephone, telegraph, and even bicycles; inventions that otherwise would seem preposterous to exist at that time but were greatly revered in the 19th century. It also becomes evident that Mark Twain had great respect for education and very little in superstition or magic. For example, because of Morgan†s scientific knowledge, he was able to predict the eclipse and he was even able to turn aside a half-dozen charging knights by simply blowing a column of pipe smoke from beneath his armored face shield. Furthermore, another example of where education outpoured magic was when Morgan restored the flow of water to a fountain by simple mechanics, while Merlin†s â€Å"magical† methods did not work. In conclusion, the social and political satire, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur†s Court, by Mark Twain, uses a character from 19th century America as a type of savor to the horrible feudalistic times of the Middle Age Camelot. By stressing bias beliefs about the political, social and technological advance of his time, Mark Twain creates a nearly utopian environment for Camelot. Oppression, social injustice, and slavery were abolished, while education, inventions, just government, new professions like engineering and even belief of a virtuous approach to life was introduced. All in all, by showing mans inhumanity and then its victories through a utopian type of middle age society in a satirical fashion make this literary pieces one of the best literary works of our time.

Positive And Negative Effect Of Diversity On Diversity

As the perspectives on diversity’s impact diverge, scholars have acknowledged the need to understand the circumstances in which diversity can be either beneficial or detrimental to teams (Pieterse et al., 2013). In this study, we have shown that there are positive and negative effects of diversity on change and performance. As explained in section 1, Kuntz et al. (2012) put forward that dispositional variables such as individual-level background and personality play a role in the cognitive interpretation of change and its acceptance. Self-efficacy is a widely cited personality factor related to change acceptance and commitment (Paglis and Green, 2002). Research demonstrates that the employee’s acceptance and commitment to the change†¦show more content†¦This is an interesting finding as we would expect homogeneous teams with members ranking all high in self-efficacy to be more engaged and committed to the change. We could explain this by the fact that people ra nking high in self-efficacy within the group stand out and lead others towards the change. Leadership has been widely accepted as a critical factor in change acceptance and commitment (Herold et al., 2008). Managers who perceive themselves as being able to lead the change are more eager to start the change initiatives and to persevere when facing resistance obstacles (Paglis and Green, 2002). Going further than Paglis and Green’s study, team members with high self-efficacy influence others in a diverse group and therefore positively influence the team members’ commitment to change in a group. Self-efficacy diversity therefore is instrumental in understanding the positive relationship between individual self-efficacy and change commitment in teams. Bandura et al. (1988) demonstrated that self-efficacy not only influences an individual’s choices and effort but also their achievements. 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The Position of Greek Women in the Archaic Age